Skip to content Skip to navigation

Article: Redescription of Platycraniellus elegans (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the cladistic relationships of eutheriodonts

Publication: Palaeontology
Volume: 50
Part: 3
Publication Date: May 2007
Page(s): 591 – 618
Author(s): Fernando Abdala
Addition Information

How to Cite

ABDALA, F. 2007. Redescription of Platycraniellus elegans (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the cladistic relationships of eutheriodonts. Palaeontology, 50, 3, 591–618.

Online Version Hosted By

Wiley Online Library
Get Article: Wiley Online Library [Pay-to-View Access] |

References

  • ABDALA, F. 1996a. Los Chiniquodontoideos (Synapsida, Cynodontia) sudamericanos. Unpublished PhD thesis. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 381 pp.
  • ABDALA, F. 1996b. Redescripción del cráneo y reconsideración de la validez de Cynognathus minor (Eucynodontia-Cynognathidae) del Triásico Inferior de Mendoza. Ameghiniana, 33, 115–126.
  • ABDALA, F. 2003. Galesaurid cynodonts from the Early Triassic of South Africa: another example of conflicting distribution of characters in non-mammalian cynodonts. South African Journal of Science, 99, 95–96.
  • ABDALA, F. and DAMIANI, R. 2004. Early development of the mammalian superficial masseter muscle in cynodonts. Palaeontologia Africana, 40, 23–29.
  • ABDALA, F. and GIANNINI, N. P. 2000. Gomphodont cynodonts of the Chañares Formation: the analysis of an ontogenetic sequence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 501–506.
  • ABDALA, F., and GIANNINI, N. P. 2002. Chiniquodontid cynodonts: systematic and morphometric considerations. Palaeontology, 45, 1151–1170.
  • GIANNINI, N. P. and RIBEIRO, A. M. 2003. A new traversodontid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Ladinian–Carnian) of southern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan traversodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 529–545.
  • GIANNINI, N. P., RIBEIRO, A. M. and SCHULTZ, C. L. 2001. A rich cynodont fauna of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria Formation (Middle–Late Triassic), southern Brazil. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Monatshefte, 2001, 669–687.
  • GIANNINI, N. P., BARBERENA, M. C. and DORNELLES, J. 2002. A new species of the Traversodontidae Exaeretodon from the Santa Maria Formation (Middle/Late Triassic) of southern Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 313–325.
  • GIANNINI, N. P., NEVELING, J. and WELMAN, J. in press. A new trirachodontid cynodont from the lower levels of the Burgersdorp Formation (Lower Triassic) of the Beaufort Group, South Africa and the cladistic relationships of Gondwanan gomphodonts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
  • ANDERSON, J. M. 1968. The confused state of classification within the family Procynosuchidae. Palaeontologia Africana, 11, 77–84.
  • BATTAIL, B. 1982. Essai de phylogénie des Cynodontes (Reptilia, Therapsida). Geobios, Mémoire Spécial, 6, 157–167.
  • BATTAIL, B. 1983. La phylogénie des Cynodontes gomphodontes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 28, 19–30.
  • BATTAIL, B. 1991. Les cynodontes (Reptilia, Therapsida): une phylogénie. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4e Série, 13, 17–105.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1962. Descripción del cráneo y mandíbula de Exaeretodon frenguellii, Cabrera, y su comparación con Diademodontidae, Tritylodontidae y los cinodontes sudamericanos. Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradición. Mar del Plata, 1, 135–202.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1966. Chiniquodon Huene (Therapsida-Cynodontia) en el Triásico de Ischigualasto, Argentina. Acta Geologica Lilloana, 8, 157–169.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1969. Cynognathus minor n. sp. (Therapsida-Cynodontia). Nueva evidencia de vinculación faunística afro-sudamericana a principios del Triásico. 273–281. In: Gondwana Stratigraphy I.U.G.S. Symposium, Mar del Plata, 1967.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F. 1971. Los tetrápodos del sector superior de la Formación Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triásico Superior). I. Parte. Opera Lilloana, 22, 1–183.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F., FERIGOLO, J. and RIBEIRO, A. M. 2001. A primitive Late Triassic ‘ictidosaur’ from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology, 44, 623–635.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F., MARTINELLI, A. G. and SCHULTZ, C. L. 2005. New information on Brasilodon and Brasilitherium (Cynodontia, Probainognathia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 8, 25–46.
  • BONAPARTE, J. F., MARTINELLI, A. G., SCHULTZ, C. L. and RUBERT, R. 2003. The sister group of mammals: small cynodonts from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 5, 5–27.
  • BOONSTRA, L. D. 1935. A note on the cynodont Glochinodontoides gracilis Haughton. American Museum Novitates, 782, 1–6.
  • BOONSTRA, L. D. 1938. On a South African mammal-like reptile, Bauria cynops. Palaeobiologica, 6, 164–183.
  • BOTHA, J., ABDALA, F. and SMITH, R. M. H. in press. The oldest cynodont: new clues on the origin and diversification of the Cynodontia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1954a. Note on a new Platycraniellus skull. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, 1, 127–129.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1954b. Thrinaxodon and some other Lystrosaurus Zone cynodonts in the collection of the National Museum, Bloemfontein. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, 1, 115–125.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1954c. On the Whaitsiidae, a family of therocephalian mammal-like reptiles. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 34, 43–59.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1955a. A study on the skeleton of Diademodon. Palaeontologia Africana, 3, 3–39.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1955b. On the Cynognathidae. Palaeontologia Africana, 3, 47–55.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1956. On Aneugomphius ictidoceps Broom and Robinson. Palaeontologia Africana, 4, 97–115.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1959. Notes on some whaitsiids and moschorhinids. Palaeontologia Africana, 6, 23–49.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1963a. On Bauria cynops Broom. Palaeontologia Africana, 8, 39–56.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1963b. A new skull of the procynosuchid cynodont Leavachia duvenhagei Broom. Palaeontologia Africana, 8, 57–75.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1965a. A new large bauriamorph from the Cynognathus-Zone of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 9, 123–127.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1965b. On two new specimens of Lystrosaurus-Zone cynodonts. Palaeontologia Africana, 9, 107–122.
  • BRINK, A. S. 1986. Illustrated bibliographical catalogue of the Synapsida. Handbook 10, Part 1. Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Pretoria, 35 pp.
  • BRINK, A. S. and KITCHING, J. W. 1951. On Leavachia, a procynosuchid cynodont from the Middle Cistecephalus Zone. South African Journal of Science, 47, 342–347.
  • BROILI, F. and SCHRÖDER, J. 1934. Zur Osteologie des Kopfes von Cynognathus. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche, Abteilung, 95–128.
  • BROILI, F., and SCHRÖDER, J. 1935a. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation XI. Über den schdel von Cynidiognathus Haughton. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche, Abteilung, 1935, 199–222.
  • BROILI, F., and SCHRÖDER, J. 1935b. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. IX. Über den Schdel von Gomphognathus Seeley. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche, Abteilung, 1935, 115–182.
  • BROILI, F., and SCHRÖDER, J. 1935c. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. X. Über die Bezahnung von Trirachodon Seeley. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche, Abteilung, 1935, 189–198.
  • BROOM, R. 1903. On an almost perfect skull of a new primitive theriodont (Lycosuchus vanderrieti). Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 14, 197–205.
  • BROOM, R. 1904. On two new therocephalian reptiles (Glanosuchus macrops and Pristerognathus baini). Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 15, 85–88.
  • BROOM, R. 1905. On the use of the term anomodont. Records of the Albany Museum, 1, 266–269.
  • BROOM, R. 1911. On the structure of the skull in cynodont reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1911, 893–925.
  • BROOM, R. 1912. On a new type of cynodont from the Stormberg. Annals of the South African Museum, 7, 334–336.
  • BROOM, R. 1932a. The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals. H. F. & G. Witherby, London, 376 pp.
  • BROOM, R. 1932b. The cynodont genus Galesaurus. Annals of the Natal Museum, 7, 61–66.
  • BROOM, R. 1935. On some new genera and species of Karroo fossil reptiles. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 18, 55–72.
  • BROOM, R. 1937a. On the palate, occiput and hind foot of Bauria cynops Broom. American Museum Novitates, 946, 1–6.
  • BROOM, R. 1937b. A further contribution to our knowledge of the fossil reptiles of the Karroo. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London B, 107, 299–318.
  • BROOM, R. 1938. The origin of the cynodonts. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 19, 279–288.
  • BROOM, R. 1948. A contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the Karroo Beds of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 61, 577–629.
  • BROOM, R. and ROBINSON, J. T. 1948. On some new types of small carnivorous mammal-like reptiles. 29–44. In DU TOIT, A. L. (ed.). Robert Broom commemorative volume. Royal Society of South Africa, Cape Town, 257 pp.
  • CHATTERJEE, S. 1982. A new cynodont reptile from the Triassic of India. Journal of Paleontology, 56, 203–214.
  • CISNEROS, J. C., ABDALA, F. and MALABARBA, M. C. 2005. Pareiasaurids from the Rio do Rasto Formation: biostratigraphic implications for Permian faunas of the Paraná Basin. Revista Brasileira de Paleontología, 8, 13–24.
  • CLARK, J. M. and HOPSON, J. A. 1985. Distinctive mammal-like reptile from Mexico and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Tritylodontidae. Nature, 315, 398–400.
  • COAD, B. W. 1977. On the nomenclature of the genus name Tribolodon (Osteichthyes and Reptilia). Journal of Paleontology, 51, 1046–1047.
  • CODDINGTON, J. and SCHARFF, N. 1994. Problems with zero-length branches. Cladistics, 10, 415–423.
  • COLBERT, E. H. and KITCHING, J. W. 1977. Triassic cynodont reptiles from Antarctica. American Museum Novitates, 2611, 1–30.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1955. A revision of the Scaloposauridae with special reference to kinetism in this family. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, 1, 149–183.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1962. On the dentition and tooth replacement in two bauriamorph reptiles. Annals of the South African Museum, 46, 231–255.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1963. Tooth replacement in the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Annals of the South African Museum, 46, 479–521.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1964. On the skull of Oligokyphus. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 9, 69–82.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1972a. Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodonts. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 21, 29–71.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1972b. The evolution of the jaw articulation in cynodonts. 231–251. In JOYSEY, K. A. and KEMP, T. S. (eds). Studies in vertebrate evolution. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 284 pp.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. 1974. The dentitions and relationships of the southern African Triassic mammals, Erythrotherium parringtoni and Megazostrodon rudnerae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 24, 397–437.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. and HYLANDER, W. L. 1986. Changes in mandibular function following the acquisition of a dentary-squamosal jaw articulation. 263–282. In HOTTON, N.III, MacLEAN, P. D., ROTH, J. J. and ROTH, E. C. (eds). The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 326 pp.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. and LUO, Z. 1993. Relationships of the Liassic mammals Sinoconodon, Morganucodon oehleri, and Dinnetherium. 30–44. In SZALAY, F. S., NOVACEK, M. J. and McKENNA, M. C. (eds). Mammal phylogeny: Mesozoic differentiation, multituberculates, monotremes, early therians, and marsupials. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, 249 pp.
  • CROMPTON, A. W. and SUN, A.-L. 1985. Cranial structure and relationships of the Liassic mammal Sinoconodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, 99–119.
  • DAMIANI, R., NEVELING, J., MODESTO, S. and YATES, A. 2004. Barendskraal, a diverse amniote locality from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Early Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 39, 53–62. [dated 2003].
  • DURAND, J. F. 1991. A revised description of the skull of Moschorhinus (Therapsida, Therocephalia). Annals of the South African Museum, 99, 381–413.
  • ESTES, R. 1961. Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 125, 165–180.
  • FLYNN, J. J., PARRISH, J. M., RAKOTOSAMIMANANA, B., RANIVOHARIMANANA, L., SIMPSON, W. F. and WYSS, A. R. 2000. New traversodontids (Synapsida: Eucynodontia) from the Triassic of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 422–427.
  • FOURIE, S. 1963. Tooth replacement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon. South African Journal of Science, 59, 211–213.
  • FOURIE, S. 1974. The cranial morphology of Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Annals of the South African Museum, 65, 337–400.
  • GODEFROIT, P. and BATTAIL, B. 1997. Late Triassic cynodonts from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (north-eastern France). Geodiversitas, 19, 567–631.
  • GOLOBOFF, P. A. 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics, 9, 83–91.
  • GOLOBOFF, P. A. 1997. Self-weighted optimization: tree searches and character state reconstructions under implied transformation costs. Cladistics, 13, 225–245.
  • GOLOBOFF, P. A., FARRIS, J. and NIXON, K. 2003. TNT (Tree analysis using new technology): http://www.zmuck.dk./public/phylogeny.
  • GOLUBEV, V. K. 2000. The faunal assemblages of Permian terrestrial vertebrates from eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal, 34 (Supplement 2), S211–S224.
  • GOW, C. E. 1980. The dentitions of the Tritheledontidae (Therapsida: Cynodontia). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 208, 461–481.
  • GOW, C. E. 1985. Dentitions of juvenile Thrinaxodon (Reptilia: Cynodontia) and the origin of mammalian diphyodonty. Annals of the Geological Survey of South Africa, 19, 1–17.
  • GOW, C. E. and HANCOX, P. J. 1993. First complete skull of the Late Triassic Scalenodontoides (Reptilia, Cynodontia) from southern Africa. 161–168. In LUCAS, S. G. and MORALES, M. (eds). The nonmarine Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, Bulletin, 3, iv + 544 pp.
  • GRADSTEIN, F. M. and OGG, J. G. 2004. Geologic Time Scale 2004 – why, how, and where next!. Lethaia, 37, 175–181.
  • GRINE, F. E. 1977. Postcanine tooth function and jaw movement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon (Reptilia; Therapsida). Palaeontologia Africana, 20, 123–135.
  • GROENEWALD, G. H. and KITCHING, J. W. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. 35–39. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • HAMMER, W. R. 1995. New therapsids from the Upper Fremouw Formation (Triassic) of Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 105–112.
  • HANCOX, P. J. 2000. The continental Triassic of South Africa. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Palontologie, Teility I, Heft 11–12, 1998, 1285–1324.
  • HAUGHTON, S. H. 1918. Investigations in South African fossil reptiles and amphibians (Part 11). Some new carnivorous Therapsida, with notes upon the brain-case in certain species. Annals of the South African Museum, 12, 175–215.
  • HAUGHTON, S. H. 1924a. On Cynodontia from the middle Beaufort beds of Harrismith, Orange Free State. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 11, 74–92.
  • HAUGHTON, S. H. 1924b. The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series. Annals of the South African Museum, 12, 323–497.
  • HEERDEN, J. van 1972. Intraspecific variations and growth changes in the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus. Researches of the National Museum, 2, 307–347.
  • HEERDEN, J. van 1976. The cranial anatomy of Nanictosaurus rubidgei Broom and the classification of the cynodontia (Reptilia: Therapsida). Navorsinge Van die Nasionale Museum, 3, 141–164.
  • HEERDEN, J. van and RUBIDGE, B. 1990. The affinities of the early cynodont reptile. Nanictosaurus Palaeontologia Africana, 27, 41–44.
  • HEEVER, J. A. vanden 1987. The comparative and functional cranial morphology of the Early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 567 pp.
  • HEEVER, J. A. vanden 1994. The cranial anatomy of the Early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida). University of Stellenbosch, Annals, 1, 1–59.
  • HOEPEN, E. C. N. van 1916. Preliminary notice of new reptiles of the Karroo Formation. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 5 (Supplement 2), 1–2.
  • HOEPEN, E. C. N. 1917. Note on Myriodon and Platycranium. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 5, 217.
  • HOPSON, J. A. 1971. Postcanine replacement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 50, 1–21.
  • HOPSON, J. A. 1984. Late Triassic traversodont cynodonts from Nova Scotia and southern Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 25, 181–201.
  • HOPSON, J. A. 1991. Systematics of the nonmammalian Synapsida and implications for patterns of evolution in synapsids. 635–693. In SCHULTZE, H.-D. and TRUEB, L. (eds). Origin of the higher groups of tetrapods: controversy and consensus. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 724 pp.
  • HOPSON, J. A. 1994. Synapsid evolution and the radiation of non-eutherian mammals. 190–219. In SPENCER, R. S. (ed.). Major features of vertebrate evolution. University of Tennessee Publications, Knoxville, TN, 270 pp.
  • HOPSON, J. A. and BARGHUSEN, H. R. 1986. An analysis of therapsid relationships. 83–106. In HOTTON, N.III, MACLEAN, P. D., ROTH, J. J. and ROTH, E. C. (eds). The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 326 pp.
  • HOPSON, J. A. and KITCHING, J. W. 1972. A revised classification of cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida). Palaeontologia Africana, 14, 71–85.
  • HOPSON, J. A., and KITCHING, J. W. 2001. A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 156, 5–35.
  • HUENE, F. R. von 1950. Die Theriodontier der ostafrikanischen Ruhuhu-Gebietes in der Tübinger Sammlung. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 92, 47–136.
  • KEMP, T. S. 1972a. Whaitsiid therocephalia and the origin of cynodonts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 264, 1–54.
  • KEMP, T. S. 1972b. The jaw articulation and musculature of the whaitsiid Therocephalia. 213–230. In JOYSEY, K. A. and KEMP, T. S. (eds). Studies in vertebrate evolution. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 284 pp.
  • KEMP, T. S. 1979. The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: functional anatomy of the skull and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 285, 73–122.
  • KEMP, T. S. 1982. Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of mammals. Academic Press, London, 363 pp.
  • KEMP, T. S. 1983. The relationships of mammals. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 77, 353–384.
  • KEMP, T. S. 1988. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. 1–22. In BENTON, M. J. (ed.). The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods. Volume 2. Mammals. Systematics Association, Special, Vol. 35B. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 329 pp.
  • KEMP, T. S. 2005. The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 331 pp.
  • KERMACK, D. M. 1982. A new tritylodontid from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76, 1–17.
  • KERMACK, D. M., MUSSET, F. and RIGNEY, H. W. 1973. The lower jaw of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 53, 87–175.
  • KERMACK, D. M., MUSSET, F. and RIGNEY, H. W. 1981. The skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 71, 1–158.
  • KEYSER, A. W. 1973. A new vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 16, 1–15.
  • KIELAN-JAWOROWSKA, Z., CIFELLI, R. L. and LUO, Z.-X. 2004. Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: origin, evolution and structure. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, 630 pp.
  • KITCHING, J. W. 1977. The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the Witwatersrand, Memoir, 1, 1–131.
  • KITCHING, J. W. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. 29–34. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • KONJUKOVA, E. D. 1946. New data on Permocynodon sushkini Wood, the cynodont from the north Dwina fauna. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS, 54, 527–530.
  • KÜHNE, W. G. 1956. The Liassic therapsid Oligokyphus. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 149 pp.
  • LANGER, M. C. 2005. Studies on continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. I. The type locality of Saturnalia tupiniquim and the faunal succession in south Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 19, 205–218.
  • LEWIS, G. E. 1986. Nearctylodon broomi, the first Nearctic tritylodont. 295–304. In HOTTON, N.III, MacLEAN, P. D., ROTH, J. J. and ROTH, E. C. (eds). The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 326 pp.
  • LILLEGRAVEN, J. A. and KRUSAT, G. 1991. Cranio-mandibular anatomy of Haldanodon exspectatus (Docodonta; Mammalia) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and its implications to the evolution of mammalian characters. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 28, 39–138.
  • LIPSCOMB, D. 1992. Parsimony, homology and the analysis of multistate characters. Cladistics, 8, 45–65.
  • LUCAS, S. G. 1998. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 143, 347–384.
  • LUCAS, S. G. 2002. Tetrapods and the subdivision of Permian time. 479–491. In HILLS, L. V., HENDERSON, C. M. and BAMBER, E. W. (eds). Carboniferous and Permian of the world. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 19, 947 pp.
  • LUCAS, S. G. and HANCOX, P. J. 2001. Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Upper Triassic of southern Africa. Albertiana, 25, 5–9.
  • LUCAS, S. G. and LUO, Z. 1993. Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: the oldest mammal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 309–334.
  • LUO, Z. 1994. Sister-group relationships of mammals and transformations of diagnostic mammalian characters. 98–128. In FRASER, N. C. and SUES, H.-D. (eds). In the shadow of the dinosaurs: early Mesozoic tetrapods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 435 pp.
  • LUO, Z. and CROMPTON, A. W. 1994. Transformation of the quadrate (incus) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14, 341–374.
  • LUO, Z. and SUN, A. 1993. Oligokyphus (Cynodontia: Tritylodontidae) from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 477–482.
  • MAISCH, M. W., MATZKE, A. T. and SUN, G. 2004. A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of the Junggar Basin (Xinjiang, NW China). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 649–656.
  • MARTINELLI, A. G., BONAPARTE, J. F., SCHULTZ, C. L. and RUBERT, R. 2005. A new tritheledontid (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and its phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous non-mammalian eucynodonts. Ameghiniana, 42, 191–208.
  • MARTINEZ, R. N. and FORSTER, C. A. 1996. The skull of Probelesodon sanjuanensis, sp. nov., from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 285–291.
  • MARTINEZ, R. N., MAY, C. L. and FORSTER, C. A. 1996. A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 271–284.
  • MENDREZ, C. H. 1974. Etude du crane d'un jeune specimen de Moschorhinus kitchingi Broom, 1920 (?Tigrisuchus simus Owen, 1876), Therocephalia Pristerosauria Moschorhinidae d'Afrique australe. Annals of the South African Museum, 64, 71–115.
  • MENDREZ, C. H. 1975. Principales variations du palais chez les thérocéphales Sud-Africains (Pristerosauria et Scaloposauria) au cours du Permien Superieur et du Trias Inférieur. Problèmes Actuels de Paléontologie-Évolution des Vertébrés, Colloque International, CNRS, 218, 379–408.
  • MODESTO, S. P. and RYBCZYNSKI, N. 2005. The amniote faunas of the Russian Permian: implications for Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate biogeography. 17–34. In BENTON, M. J., KUROCHKIN, E. N., SHISHKIN, M. A. and UNWIN, D. M. (eds). The Age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, New York, 696 pp.
  • MOREL, E. M., ARTABE, A. E., ZAVATTIERI, A. M. and BONAPARTE, J. F. 2001. Cronología del Sistema Triásico. 227–253. In ARTABE, A. E., MOREL, E. M. and ZAMUNER, A. B. (eds). El Sistema Triásico en la Argentina. Fundación Museo de La Plata ‘Francisco Pascasio Moreno’, La Plata, 358 pp.
  • NEVELING, J. 2002. Biostratigraphic and sedimentological investigation of the contact between the Lystrosaurus and. Cynognathus assemblage zones (Beaufort Group: Karoo Supergroup). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 232 pp.
  • NEVELING, J. 2004. Stratigraphic and sedimentological investigation of the contact between the Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus Assemblage Zones (Beaufort Group: Karoo Supergroup). Council for Geosciences, South Africa, Bulletin, 137, 165 pp.
  • OLSON, E. C. 1937. The cranial morphology of a new gorgonopsian. Journal of Geology, 45, 511–524.
  • OLSON, E. C. 1944. Origin of mammals based upon cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 55, 1–136.
  • OWEN, R. 1861. Palaeontology, or a systematic summary of extinct animals and their geological relations. Second edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 463 pp.
  • OWEN, R. 1876. Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum. London, 88 pp.
  • PARRINGTON, F. R. 1934. On the cynodont genus Galesaurus, with a note on the functional significance of the changes in the evolution of the theriodont skull. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 38–67.
  • PARRINGTON, F. R. 1936. On the tooth-replacement in theriodont reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 226, 121–142.
  • PARRINGTON, F. R. 1946. On the cranial anatomy of cynodonts. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 116, 81–197.
  • PARRINGTON, F. R. 1947. On a collection of Rhaetic mammalian teeth. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 116, 707–728.
  • PARRINGTON, F. R. 1971. On the Upper Triassic mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 261, 231–272.
  • PATTERSON, B. and OLSON, E. C. 1961. A triconodontid mammal from the Triassic of Yunnan. International Colloquium on the evolution of mammals. Koninklije Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschapen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie, Brussels, Part 1, 129–191.
  • RIGNEY, H. W. 1938. The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms. Journal of Morphology, 63, 491–529.
  • ROGERS, R. R., ARCUCCI, A. B., ABDALA, F., SERENO, P. C., FORSTER, C. A. and MAY, C. L. 2001. Paleoenvironment and taphonomy of the Chañares Formation tetrapod assemblage (Middle Triassic), north-western Argentina: spectacular preservation in volcanogenic concretions. Palaios, 16, 461–481.
  • ROGERS, R. R., SWISHER, C. C. III, SERENO, P. C., MONETTA, A. M., FORSTER, C. A. and MARTÍNEZ, R. N. 1993. The Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40Ar/39Ar dating of dinosaur origins. Science, 260, 794–797.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1945. Vertebrate paleontology. Second edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 687 pp.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1956. Osteology of the Reptilia. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 772 pp.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1967. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. III. Two new gomphodonts, Massetognathus pascuali and Massetognathus terugii. Breviora, 264, 1–25.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1969a. The Brazilian cynodont reptiles Belesodon and Chiniquodon. Breviora, 332, 1–16.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1969b. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. V. A new chiniquodontid cynodont, Probelesodon lewisi. Cynodont ancestry. Breviora, 333, 1–24.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1970. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VI. A chiniquodontid cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation. Breviora, 344, 1–18.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1972. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVII. The Chañares gomphodonts. Breviora, 396, 1–9.
  • ROMER, A. S. 1973. The Chañares (Argentina) triassic reptile fauna. XVIII. Probelesodon minor, a new species of carnivorous cynodont. Family Probainognathidae. Breviora, 401, 1–4.
  • ROUGIER, G. W., WIBLE, J. W. and HOPSON, J. A. 1992. Reconstruction of the cranial vessels in the Early Cretaceous mammal Vincelestes neuquenianus: implications for the evolution of the mammalian cranial vascular system. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12, 188–216.
  • ROWE, T. 1986. Osteological diagnosis of Mammalia, L. 1758, and its relationships to extinct Synapsida. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, 567 pp.
  • ROWE, T. 1988. Definition, diagnosis and origin of mammalia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8, 241–264.
  • ROWE, T. 1993. Phylogenetic systematics and the early history of mammals. 129–145. In SZALAY, F. S., NOVACEK, M. J. and McKENNA, M. C. (eds). Mammal phylogeny: Mesozoic differentiation, multituberculates, monotremes, early therians, and marsupials. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, 249 pp.
  • RUBERT, R. and SCHULTZ, C. L. 2004. Um novo horizonte de correlação para o Triássico Superior do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas em Geociencias, 31, 71–88.
  • RUBIDGE, B. S. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone. 3–7. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • RUBIDGE, B. S. 2005. Re-uniting lost continents – fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust. South African Journal of Geology, 108, 135–172.
  • RUBIDGE, B. S. and SIDOR, C. A. 2001. Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 449–480.
  • RUBIDGE, B. S., JOHNSON, M. R., KITCHING, J. W., SMITH, R. M. H., KEYSER, A. W. and GROENEWALD, G. H. 1995. An introduction to the biozonation of the Beaufort Group. 1–2. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • SEELEY, H. G. 1894. Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. Part IX. Section 3. On Diademodon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 185, 1029–1041.
  • SEELEY, H. G. 1895a. Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. Part IX. Section 4. On the Gomphodontia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 186, 1–57.
  • SEELEY, H. G. 1895b. Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil Reptilia. Part IX. Section 5. On the skeleton in new cynodontia from the Karroo rocks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 186, 59–148.
  • SHAPIRO, M. D. and JENKINS, F. A. 2001. A cynodont from the Upper Triassic of East Greenland: tooth replacement and double-rootedness. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 156, 49–58.
  • SHUBIN, N. H., CROMPTON, A. W., SUES, H.-D. and OLSEN, P. E. 1991. New fossil evidence on the sister-group of mammals and early Mesozoic faunal distribution. Science, 251, 1063–1065.
  • SIDOR, C. A. and HANCOX, P. J. 2006. Elliotherium kersteni, a new tritheledontid from the Lower Elliot Formation (Upper Triassic) of South Africa. Journal of Paleontology, 80, 333–342.
  • SIDOR, C. A. and HOPSON, J. A. 1998. Ghost lineages and ‘mammalness’: assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the Synapsida. Paleobiology, 24, 254–273.
  • SIDOR, C. A. and SMITH, R. M. H. 2004. A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology, 47, 535–556.
  • SIGOGNEAU, D. 1963. Note sur une nouvelle espece de Scaloposauridae. Palaeontologia Africana, 8, 13–37.
  • SIGOGNEAU, D. 1970. Révision systématique des gorgonopsiens Sud-Africains. Cahiers de Paléontologie, 1970, xii + 416 pp., 93 pls.
  • SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL, D. 1989. Theriodontia I. 1–127. In WELLNHOFER, P. (ed.). Handbuch der Paleoherpetologie, Teil 17B/I. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
  • SIMPSON, G. G. 1928. A catalogue of the Mesozoic Mammalia in the Geological Department of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 215 pp.
  • SMITH, R. M. H. and BOTHA, J. 2005. The recovery of terrestrial diversity in the South African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4, 555–568.
  • SMITH, R. M. H. and KEYSER, A. W. 1995a. Biostratigraphy of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. 8–12. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • SMITH, R. M. H., and KEYSER, A. W. 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone. 18–22. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • SMITH, R. M. H., and KEYSER, A. W. 1995c. Biostratigraphy of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone. 23–28. In RUBIDGE, B. S. (ed.). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series, 1, 46 pp.
  • SMITH, R. M. H. and SWART, R. 2002. Changing fluvial environments and vertebrate taphonomy in response to climatic drying in a Mid-Triassic rift valley fill: the Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of central Namibia. Palaios, 17, 249–267.
  • SUES, H.-D. 1985a. The relationships of the Tritylodontidae (Synapsida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, 205–217.
  • SUES, H.-D. 1985b. First record of the tritylodontid Oligokyphus (Synapsida) from the Lower Jurassic of western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 5, 328–335.
  • SUES, H.-D. 1986. The skull and dentition of two tritylodontid synapsids from the Lower Jurassic of western North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 151, 217–268.
  • SUES, H.-D. 2001. On Microconodon, a Late Triassic cynodont from the Newark Supergroup of eastern North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 156, 37–48.
  • SUES, H.-D. and BOY, J. A. 1988. A procynosuchid cynodont from central Europe. Nature, 331, 523–524.
  • SUES, H.-D., HOPSON, J. A. and SHUBIN, N. H. 1992. Affinities of ?Scalenodontoides plemmyridon Hopson, 1984 (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from the Upper Triassic of Nova Scotia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12, 168–171.
  • SUN, A. 1988. Additional study on Sinognathus gracilis (Cynodontia; Reptilia). Vertebrata Palasiatica, 26, 173–180.
  • SUSHKIN, P. P. 1929. Permocynodon, a cynodont reptile from the Upper Permian of Russia. Proceedings of the X International Congress of Zoology, Budapest, pp. 804–808.
  • TATARINOV, L. P. 1968. Morphology and systematics of the Northern Dvina cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida; Upper Permian). Postilla, 125, 1–51.
  • TEIXEIRA, A. M. S. 1982. Um novo cinodonte carnívoro (Probelesodon kitchingi, sp. nov.) do Triássico do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museu de Ciencias PUCRGS, 24, 1–31.
  • WATSON, D. M. S. 1911. The skull of Diademodon, with notes on those of some other cynodonts. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 8, 293–330.
  • WATSON, D. M. S. 1913a. Further notes on the skull, brain, and organs of special sense of Diademodon. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 12, 217–223.
  • WATSON, D. M. S. 1913b. On a new cynodont from the Stormberg. Geological Magazine, 5, 10, 145–148.
  • WATSON, D. M. S. 1914. Notes on some carnivorous therapsids. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1914, 1021–1038.
  • WATSON, D. M. S. 1920. On the Cynodontia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 6, 506–524.
  • WATSON, D. M. S. and ROMER, A. S. 1956. A classification of therapsid reptiles. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 114, 37–89.
  • WIBLE, J. R. 1991. Origin of Mammalia: the craniodental evidence reexamined. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11, 1–28.
  • WIBLE, J. R. and HOPSON, J. A. 1993. Basicranial evidence for early mammal phylogeny. 45–62. In SZALAY, F. S., NOVACEK, M. J. and McKENNA, M. C. (eds). Mammal phylogeny: Mesozoic differentiation, multituberculates, monotremes, early therians, and marsupials. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, 249 pp.
  • WOPFNER, H. 2002. Tectonic and climatic events controlling deposition in Tanzanian Karoo basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 34, 167–177.
  • YOUNG, C.-C. 1947. Mammal-like reptiles from Lufeng, Yunnan, China. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 117, 537–597.
  • YOUNG, C.-C. 1959. Note on the first cynodont from the Sinokannemeyeria-faunas in Shansi, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 3, 124–131.
PalAss Go! URL: http://go.palass.org/57u | Twitter: Share on Twitter | Facebook: Share on Facebook | Google+: Share on Google+