Article: Larval ecology and morphology in fossil gastropods
Publication: Palaeontology
Volume:
57
Part:
3
Publication Date:
May
2014
Page(s):
479
–
503
Author(s):
<p>Alexander Nützel</p>
References
- Aktipis, S. W., Giribet, G., Lindberg, D. R. and Ponder, W. F. 2008. Gastropod phylogeny: an overview and analysis. 201–237. In Lindberg, D. R. and Ponder, W. F. (eds). Phylogeny and evolution of the mollusca. University of California Press, Berkeley CA, 469 pp.
- Anderson, J. R., Hoare, R. D. and Sturgeon, M. T. 1990. The Pennsylvanian gastropod Donaldina Knight in the Appalachian Basin, Eastern U.S.A. Journal of Paleontology, 64, 557–562.
- Appeltans, W., Ahyong, S. T., Anderson, G., et al. 2012. The magnitude of global marine species diversity. Current Biology, 22, 2189–2202.
- Bambach, R. K. 1993. Seafood through time: changes in biomass, energetics, and productivity in the marine ecosystem. Paleobiology, 19, 372–397.
- Bandel, K. 1975. Embryonalgehuse karibischer Meso- und Neogastropoden (Mollusca). Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, 1975 (1), 1–133.
- Bandel, K. 1982. Morphologie und Bildung der frühontogenetischen Gehuse bei conchiferen Mollusken. Facies, 7, 1–198.
- Bandel, K. 1991a. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, A, 134, 9–55.
- Bandel, K. 1991b. Über triassische “Loxonematoidea” und ihre Beziehungen zu rezenten und palozoischen Schnecken. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 65, 239–268.
- Bandel, K. 1992. Über Caenogastropoden der Cassianer Schichten (Obertrias) der Dolomiten (Italien) und ihre taxonomische Bewertung. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palontologischen Institut der Universitt Hamburg, 73, 37–97.
- Bandel, K. 1995. Mathildoidea (Heterostropha, Gastropoda) from the Upper Triassic St. Cassian Formation. Scripta Geologica, 111, 1–83.
- Bandel, K. 2002a. About Heterostropha (Gastropoda) from the Carboniferous and Permian. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palontologischen Institut der Universitt Hamburg, 86, 45–80.
- Bandel, K. 2002b. Reevaluation and classification of Carboniferous and Permian Gastropoda belonging to the Caenogastropoda and their relation. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palontologischen Institut der Universitt Hamburg, 86, 81–188.
- Bandel, K. 2007. Description and classification of Late Triassic Neritimorpha (Gastropoda, Mollusca) from the St Cassian Formation, Italian Alps. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 215–274.
- Bandel, K. and Dockery, D. T. III 2012. Protoconch characters of Late Cretaceous Latrogastropoda (Neogastropoda and Neomesogastropoda) as an aid in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Neogastropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C, 542, 93–128.
- Bandel, K. and Frýda, J. 1998. The systematic position of the Euomphalidae. Senckenbergiana lethaea, 78, 103–131.
- Bandel, K. and Frýda, J. 1999. Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 33, 219–235.
- Bandel, K. and Heidelberger, D. 2002. A Devonian member of the subclass Heterostropha (Gastropoda) with valvatoid shell shape. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Monatshefte, 2002/9, 533–550.
- Bandel, K. and Hemleben, C. 1995. Observations on the ontogeny of thecosomatous pteropods (holoplanktic Gastropoda) in the southern Red Sea and from Bermuda. Marine Biology, 124, 225–243.
- Bandel, K., Riedel, F. and Tiemann, H. 1994. A special adaptation to planktonic life in larvae of the Cassoidea (= Tonnoidea) (Gastropoda). Marine Biology, 118, 101–108.
- Bandel, K., Riedel, F. and Weikert, H. 1997. Planktonic gastropod larvae from the Red Sea: a Synopsis. Ophelia, 47, 151–202.
- Bandel, K., Gründel, J. and Maxwell, P. 2000. Gastropods from the Upper Jurassic/early Middle Jurassic of Kaiwara Valley, North Canterbury, New Zealand. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C, 490, 67–132.
- Bandel, K., Nützel, A. and Yancey, T. E. 2002. Larval shells and shell microstructures of exceptionally well-preserved Late Carboniferous gastropods from the Buckhorn Asphalt deposit (Oklahoma, USA). Senckenbergiana letheae, 82, 639–690.
- Batten, R. L. and Stokes, W. L. 1986. Early Triassic gastropods from the Sinbad Member of the Moenkopi Formation, San Rafael Swell, Utah. American Museum Novitates, 2864, 1–33.
- Berkyová, S., Frýda, J. and Lukeš, P. 2007. Unsuccessful predation on Middle Paleozoic plankton: shell injury and anomalies in Devonian dacryoconarid tentaculites. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, 407–412.
- Bockelie, T. G. and Yochelson, E. L. 1979. Variation in a species of “worm” from the Ordovician of Spitzbergen. Saertrykk av Norsk Polarinstitutt, Skrifter, 167, 224–237.
- Bouchet, P. 1989. A review of poecilogony in gastropods. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 55, 67–78.
- Chaffee, C. and Lindberg, D. R. 1986. Larval biology of Early Cambrian molluscs: the implication of small body size. Bulletin of Marine Science, 39, 536–549.
- Cook, A., Nützel, A. and Frýda, J. 2008. Two Carboniferous caenogastropod limpets from Australia and their meaning for the ancestry of the Caenogastropoda. Journal of Paleontology, 82, 183–187.
- Dockery, D. T. III 1993. The streptoneuran gastropods, exclusive of the Stenoglossa, of the Coffee Sand (Campanian) of northeastern Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Office of Geology, Bulletin, 129, 1–191.
- Dzik, J. 1978. Larval development of hyolithids. Lethaia, 11, 293–299.
- Dzik, J. 1994. Evolution of ‘small shelly fossils’ assemblages of the early Paleozoic. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 39, 247–313.
- Dzik, J. and Mazurek, D. 2013. Affinities of the alleged earliest Cambrian gastropod Aldanella. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 91, 914–923.
- Engeser, T. and Riedel, F. 1996. The evolution of the Scaphopoda and its implication for the systematics of the Rostroconchia (Mollusca). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Palontologischen Instituts der Universitt Hamburg, 79, 117–138.
- Frýda, J. 1998a. Some new and better recognized Devonian gastropods from the Prague Basin (Bohemia). Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 73, 41–49.
- Frýda, J. 1998b. Some new and better recognized Devonian gastropods from the Prague Basin (Bohemia): part II. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 73, 355–363.
- Frýda, J. 1999. Higher classification of Paleozoic gastropods inferred from their early shell ontogeny. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 44, 137–154.
- Frýda, J. 2001. Discovery of a larval shell in Middle Paleozoic subulitoidean gastropods with description of two new species from the early Devonian of Bohemia. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 76, 29–38.
- Frýda, J. 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. 395–435. In Talent, J. A. (ed.). Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time. International Year of Planet Earth Series. Springer, New York, 1107 pp.
- Frýda, J. and Blodgett, R. B. 1998. Two new cirroidean genera (Vetigastropoda, Archaeogastropoda) from the Emsian, (late Early Devonian) of Alaska with notes on the early phylogeny of Cirroidea. Journal of Paleontology, 72, 265–273.
- Frýda, J. and Blodgett, R. B. 2001. The oldest known heterobranch gastropod, Kuskokwimia gen. nov., from the Early Devonian of west-central Alaska, with notes on the early phylogeny of higher gastropods. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 76, 39–53.
- Frýda, J. and Blodgett, R. B. 2004. New Emsian (late Early Devonian) gastropods from Limestone Mountain, Medfra B-4 Quadrangle, West-Central Alaska (Farewell terrane), and their palaeobiogeographic affinities and evolutionary significance. Journal of Paleontology, 78, 111–132.
- Frýda, J. and Ferrová, L. 2011. The oldest evidence of non-axial shell heterostrophy in the class Gastropoda. Bulletin of Geosciences, 86, 765–776.
- Frýda, J. and Heidelberger, D. 2003. Systematic position of Cyrtoneritimorpha within the class Gastropoda with description of two new genera from Siluro-Devonian strata of Central Europe. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 78, 35–39.
- Frýda, J. and Manda, S. 1997. A gastropod faunule from the Monograptus uniformis graptolite biozone (Early Lochkovian, Early Devonian) in Bohemia. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palontologischen Institut der Universitt Hamburg, 80, 59–121.
- Frýda, J. and Rohr, D. M. 2006. Shell hetrostrophy in Early Ordovician Macluritella Kirk, 1927 and its implications for the phylogeny and classification of Macluritoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Paleontology, 80, 264–271.
- Frýda, J., Nützel, A. and Wagner, P. 2008a. Paleozoic Gastropoda. 239–270. In Lindberg, D. R. and Ponder, W. F. (eds). Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 469 pp.
- Frýda, J., Ferrová, L., Berkyová, S. and Frýdová, B. 2008b. A new Early Devonian palaeozygopleurid gastropod from the Prague Basin (Bohemia) with notes on the phylogeny of the Loxonematoidea. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 93–100.
- Frýda, J., Racheboeuf, P. R., Frýdová, B., Ferrová, L., Mergl, M. and Berkyová, S. 2009. Platyceratid gastropods – stem group of patellogastropods, neritimorphs or something else? Bulletin of Geosciences, 84, 107–120.
- Frýda, J., Ferrová, L. and Frýdová, B. 2013. Review of palaeozygopleurid gastropods (Palaeozygopleuridae, Gastropoda) from Devonian strata of the Perunica microplate (Bohemia), with a re-evaluation of their stratigraphic distribution, notes on their ontogeny, and descriptions of new taxa. Zootaxa, 3669, 469–489.
- Garstang, W. 1929. The origin and evolution of larval forms. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1928, 77–98.
- Geiger, D. 2012. Monograph of the little slit-shells. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 1291 pp.
- Geiger, D., Nützel, A. and Sasaki, T. 2008. Vetigastropoda. 297–330. In Lindberg, D. R. and Ponder, W. F. (eds). Phylogeny and evolution of the mollusca. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 469 pp.
- Gründel, J. 1999a. Procerithiidae (Gastropoda) aus dem Lias und Dogger Deutschlands und Polens. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C, 481, 1–37.
- Gründel, J. 1999b. Gastropoden aus dem höheren Lias von Grimmen (Vorpommern) (Deutschland). Archiv für Geschiebekunde, 2, 629–672.
- Gründel, J. 2001. Neritimorpha und weitere Caenogastropoda (Gastropoda) aus dem Dogger Norddeutschlands und des nordwestlichen Polens. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe E, 36, 45–99.
- Gründel, J. 2003a. Gastropoden aus dem Unteren Lias (Ober-Hettangium bis Unter-Sinemurium) Südwestdeutschlands. Stuttgarter Beitrge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Palontologie), 340, 1–55.
- Gründel, J. 2003b. Die Gastropoden der Dogger-Geschiebe Deutschlands und des nordwestlichen Polens. Archiv für Geschiebekunde, 4, 129–240.
- Gründel, J. 2005. Gastropoden aus dem oberen Callovium (Lamberti-Zone) der Tongrube Dubki bei Saratov, Russische Plattform. Zitteliana A, 45, 65–85.
- Gründel, J. 2007. Gastropoden des Pliensbachiums (unterer Jura) aus der Usedom-Senke (Nordostdeutschland). Zitteliana A, 47, 69–103.
- Gründel, J. and Nützel, A. 1998. Gastropoden aus dem oberen Pliensbachium (Lias delta 2, Zone des Pleuroceras spinatum) von Kalchreuth östlich Erlangen (Mittelfranken). Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Palontologie und historische Geologie, 38, 63–96.
- Gründel, J. Nützel, A. 2013. Evolution and classification of Mesozoic mathildoid gastropods. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58, 803–826.
- Gründel, J., Nützel, A. and Schulbert, C. 2009. Toarctocera (Gastropoda, Aporrhaidae): a new genus from the Jurassic (Toarcian/Aalenian) of South Germany and the early evolutionary history of the family Aporrhaidae. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 83, 533–543.
- Gründel, J., Kaim, A., Nützel, A. and Little, C. T. S. 2011. Early Jurassic gastropods from England. Palaeontology, 54, 481–510.
- Guzhov, A. V. 2002a. To the revision of some Jurassic gastropods from central Russia: 1. Genus Plicacerithium. Paleontological Journal, 36, 338–342.
- Guzhov, A. V. 2002b. On the revision of some Jurassic gastropods from central Russia: 2. Genus Cosmocerithium. Paleontological Journal, 36, 591–597.
- Guzhov, A. V. 2004. Jurassic gastropods of European Russia (orders Cerithiiformes, Bucciniformes, and Epitoniiformes). Paleontological Journal, 36 (Suppl. 5), S457–S592.
- Guzhov, A. V. 2005. A new species, genus, and family of gastropods from the Upper Oxfordian (Jurassic) of European Russia. Ruthenica, 15, 9–12.
- Guzhov, A. V. 2006. Liapinella, a new epitonioidean genus (Gastropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of European Russia. Ruthenica, 16, 1–4.
- Hansen, T. A. 1980. Influence of larval dispersal and geographic distribution on species longevity in neogastropods. Paleobiology, 6, 193–207.
- Hansen, T. A. 1982. Modes of larval development in Early Tertiary neogastropods. Paleobiology, 8, 367–377.
- Harbeck, K. 1996. Die Evolution der Archaeopulmonata. Zoologische Verhandlungen, 305, 1–133.
- Haszprunar, G. 1993. The Archaeogastropoda. A clade, a grade or what else? American Malacological Bulletin, 10, 165–177.
- Haszprunar, G. 1995. On the evolution of larval development in the Gastropoda, with special reference to larval planktotrophy. Notizario CISMA, 16, 5–13.
- Haszprunar, G., Salvini-Plawen, L., Von and Rieger, R. M. 1995. Larval planktotrophy – a primitive trait in the Bilateria? Acta Zoologica, 76, 141–154.
- Herbert, D. G. 2012. A revision of the Chilodontidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Seguenzioidea) of southern Africa and the south-western Indian Ocean. African Invertebrates, 53, 381–502.
- Herholz, M. 1992. Mikromorphe Gastropoden aus dem rheinisch-westflischen Steinkohlenrevier (Oberkarbon). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Monatshefte, 1992/4, 242–256.
- Hickman, C. S. 1992. Reproduction and development of trochacean gastropods. The Veliger, 35, 245–272.
- Hickman, C. S. 1995. Asynchronous construction of the protoconch/teleoconch boundary: evidence for staged metamorphosis in a marine gastropod larva. Invertebrate Biology, 114, 295–306.
- Hickman, C. S. 1999a. Larvae in invertebrate development and evolution. 21–59. In Hall, B. K. and Wake, M. H. (eds). The origin and evolution of larval forms. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 425 pp.
- Hickman, C. S. 1999b. Adaptive function of gastropod larval shell features. Invertebrate Biology, 118, 346–356.
- Hickman, C. S. 2001. Evolution and development of gastropod larval shell morphology: experimental evidence for mechanical defense and repair. Evolution and Development, 3, 18–23.
- Hoare, R. D. and Sturgeon, M. T. 1978. The Pennsylvanian gastropod genera Cyclozyga and Helminthozyga and the classification of the Pseudozygopleuridae. Journal of Paleontology, 52, 850–858.
- Hoare, R. D. and Sturgeon, M. T. 1985. The Pennsylvanian gastropod Pseudozygopleura (Pseudozygopleura) from the Appalachian Basin: II. Journal of Paleontology, 59, 60–78.
- HornÝ, R. 1955. Palaeozygopleuridae nov. fam. (Gastropoda) ze středočeského devonu. Sborník Ústřdního Ústavu Geologického, 21, 17–143.
- Hughes, M., Gerber, S. and Wills, M. A. 2013. Clades reach highest morphological disparity early in their evolution. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 13875–13879.
- Isaji, S. and Okura, M. 2014. Molluscan larvae from the Carboniferous Ichinotani Formation in the Fukuji area, Hida Gaien belt, Japan. Paleontological Research, 18, 45–50.
- Jablonski, D. 1986. Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates. Bulletin of Marine Science, 39, 565–587.
- Jablonski, D. and Hunt, G. 2006. Larval ecology, geographic range, and species survivorship in Cretaceous mollusks: organismic versus species-level explanations. The American Naturalist, 168, 556–564.
- Jablonski, D. and Lutz, R. A. 1980. Molluscan larval shell morphology. 323–377. In Rhoads, D. C. and Lutz, R. A. (eds). Skeletal growth of aquatic organisms. Plenum Press, New York, London, 750 pp.
- Jablonski, D. and Lutz, R. A. 1983. Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biological Reviews, 58, 21–89.
- Jgersten, G. 1972. Evolution of the metazoan life cycle: a comprehensive theory. Academic Press, New York 282 pp.
- Kaim, A. 2004. The evolution of conch ontogeny in Meszoic open sea gastropods. Palaeontologia Polonica, 62, 1–182.
- Kaim, A. 2009. Gastropods. 141–156. In Shigeta, Y., Zakharov, Y. D., Maeda, H. and Popov, A. M. (eds). The Lower Triassic system in the Abrek Bay area, South Primorye, Russia. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs, 38, 218 pp.
- Kaim, A. and Sztajner, P. 2005. The opercula of neritopsid gastropods and their phylogenetic importance. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 71, 211–219.
- Kaim, A., Jurkovsek, B. and Kolar-Jurkovsek, T. 2006. New associations of Carnian gastropods from Mežica region in the Karavanke Mountains of Slovenia. Facies, 52, 469–482.
- Kaim, A., Nützel, A., Hautmann, M. and Bucher, H. 2013. Early Triassic gastropods from Salt Range, Pakistan. Bulletin of Geosciences, 88, 505–516.
- Kiel, S. 2006. New and little-known gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagascar. Journal of Paleontology, 80, 455–476.
- Klug, C., Kröger, B., Kiessling, W., Mullins, G. L., Servais, T., Frýda, J., Korn, D. and Turner, S. 2010. The Devonian nekton revolution. Lethaia, 43, 465–477.
- Knight, J. B. 1930. The gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsylvanian outlier: the Pseudozygopleurinae. Journal of Paleontology, 4, 1–89.
- Krug, P. J. 2007. Poecilogony and larval ecology in the gastropod genus Alderia. American Malacological Bulletin, 23, 99–111.
- Lima, G. M. and Lutz, R. A. 1990. The relationship of larval shell morphology to mode of development in marine prosobranch gastropods. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 70, 611–637.
- Lindberg, D. R. 2008. Patellogastropoda, Neritimorpha, and Cocculinoidea. The low-diversity gastropod clades. 271–296. In Lindberg, D. R. and Ponder, W. F. (eds). Phylogeny and evolution of the mollusca. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 469 pp.
- Mapes, R. H. and Nützel, A. 2009. Late Palaeozoic mollusc reproduction: cephalopod egg-laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology. Lethaia, 42, 341–356.
- Mapes, R. H., Niko, S., Frýda, J. and Nützel, A. 2007. A hatchling coiled nautiloid from the Permian of Italy. Journal of Paleontology, 81, 1118–1121.
- Marshall, B. A. 1978. Cerithiopsidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of New Zealand, and a provisional classification of the family. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 5, 47–120.
- Marshall, B. A. 1983. A revision of the Recent Triphoridae of Southern Australia (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Australian Museum Supplement, 2, 1–119.
- Meyer, K. M., Yu, M., Jost, A. B., Kelley, B. M. and Payne, J. L. 2011. δ13C evidence that high primary productivity delayed recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 302, 378–384.
- Mus, M. M., Palacios, T. and Jensen, S. 2008. Size of the earliest mollusks: did small helcionellids grow to become large adults? Geology, 36, 175–178.
- Nielsen, C. 2013. Life cycle evolution: was the eumetazoan ancestor a holopelagic, planktotrophic gastraea? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 171. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-171.
- Nützel, A. 1998. Über die Stammesgeschichte der Ptenoglossa (Gastropoda). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe E, 26, 1–229.
- Nützel, A. 2002. An evaluation of the recently proposed Palaeozoic gastropod subclass Euomphalomorpha. Palaeontology, 45, 259–266.
- Nützel, A. 2005. Recovery of gastropods in the Early Triassic. Comptes rendus Palevol, 4, 501–515.
- Nützel, A. and Bandel, K. 2000. Goniasmidae and Orthonemidae: two new families of Palaeozoic Caenogastropoda. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Monatshefte, 9, 557–569.
- Nützel, A. and Cook, A. G. 2002. Chlorozyga, a new caenogastropod genus from the Early Carboniferous of Australia. Alcheringa, 26, 151–157.
- Nützel, A. and Erwin, D. H. 2002. Battenizyga, a new early Triassic gastropod genus with a discussion on the gastropod evolution at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 76, 21–26.
- Nützel, A. and Erwin, D. H. 2004. Late Triassic (Late Norian) gastropods from the Wallowa Terrane (Idaho, USA). Palontologische Zeitschrift, 78, 361–416.
- Nützel, A. and Frýda, J. 2003. Paleozoic plankton revolution: evidence from early gastropod ontogeny. Geology, 31, 829–831.
- Nützel, A. and Kaim, A. 2013. Diversity, palaeoecology and systematics of a marine fossil assemblage from the Late Triassic Cassian Formation at Settsass Scharte, N Italy. Palontologische Zeitschrift, published online 24 October 2013, doi: 10.1007/s12542-013-0205-1.
- Nützel, A. and Mapes, R. H. 2001. Larval and juvenile gastropods from a Carboniferous black shale: palaeoecology and implications for the evolution of the Gastropoda. Lethaia, 34, 143–162.
- Nützel, A. and Nakazawa, K. 2012. Permian (Capitanian) gastropods from the Akasaka Limestone (Gifu Prefecture, Japan). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10, 103–169.
- Nützel, A. and Pan Hua-Zhang 2005. Late Paleozoic evolution of the Caenogastropoda: larval shell morphology and implications for the Permian/Triassic mass extinction event. Journal of Paleontology, 79, 1175–1188.
- Nützel, A. and Schulbert, C. 2005. Gastropod lagersttten in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction – diversity and facies of two major Early Triassic occurrences. Facies, 51, 495–515.
- Nützel, A., Erwin, D. H. and Mapes, R. H. 2000. Identity and phylogeny of the late Paleozoic Subulitoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Paleontology, 74, 575–598.
- Nützel, A., Pan Hua-Zhang and Erwin, D. H. 2002. New taxa and some taxonomic changes of a latest Permian gastropod fauna from South China. Documenta Naturae, 145, 1–10.
- Nützel, A., Lehnert, O. and Frýda, J. 2006. Origin of planktotrophy – evidence from early molluscs. Evolution and Development, 8, 325–330.
- Nützel, A., Lehnert, O. and Frýda, J. 2007a. Origin of planktotrophy – evidence from early molluscs: a response to Freeman and Lundelius. Evolution and Development, 9, 313–318.
- Nützel, A., Frýda, J., Yancey, T. E. and Anderson, J. R. 2007b. Larval shells of Late Palaeozoic naticopsid gastropods (Neritopsoidea: Neritimorpha) with a discussion of the early neritimorph evolution. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 81, 213–228.
- Nützel, A., Joachimski, M. and López Correa, M. 2010. Seasonal climatic fluctuations in the Late Triassic tropics – high-resolution oxygen isotope records from aragonitic bivalve shells (Cassian Formation, Northern Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 185, 194–204.
- Page, L. R. and Ferguson, S. J. 2013. The other gastropod larvae: larval morphogenesis in a marine neritimorph. Journal of Morphology, 274, 412–428.
- Pan Hua-Zhang and Erwin, D. H. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan provinces, South China. The Paleontological Society Memoir 56, 1–49; suppl. to Journal of Paleontology, 76.
- Parkhaev, P. Y. 2006. New data on the morphology of ancient gastropods of the genus Aldanella Vostokova, 1962 (Archaeobranchia, Pelagielliformes). Paleontological Journal, 40, 244–252.
- Pechenik, J. A. 1999. On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 177, 269–297.
- Peterson, K. J. 2005. Macroevolutionary interplay between planktic larvae and benthic predators. Geology, 33, 929–932.
- Pilkington, M. C. and Pilkington, J. B. 1982. The planktonic veliger of Amphibola crenata (Gmelin). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 24–29.
- Pilsbry, H. A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America north of Mexico, vol. 1 part 1. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 573 pp.
- Ponder, W. F. and Lindberg, D. R. 1997. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 83–265.
- Ponder, W. F., Colgan, D. J., Healy, J. M., Nützel, A., Simone, L. R. L. and Strong, E. E. 2008. Caenogastropoda. 331–383. In Lindberg, D. R. and Ponder, W. F. (eds). Phylogeny and evolution of the mollusca. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 469 pp.
- Richter, G. 1987. Celluloseverdauung bei Gastropodenlarven aus dem tropischen Atlantik. Natur und Museum, 117, 150–159.
- Riedel, F. 1996. Comments on “A new twist on the Garstang torsion hypotheses” by L. W. Buss. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Monatshefte, 1996/2, 116–128.
- Riedel, F. 2000. Ursprung und Evolution der “höheren” Caenogastropoda. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe E, 26, 1–240.
- Robertson, R. 1971. Scanning electron microscopy of planktonic larval marine gastropod shells. The Veliger, 14, 1–12.
- Robertson, R. 2012. Pyramidellid protoconchs, eggs, embryos and larval ecology: an introductory survey. American Malacological Bulletin, 30, 219–228.
- Sasaki, T. 1998. Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Recent Archaeogastropoda. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo Bulletin, 38, 1–223.
- Scheltema, R. S. 1971. Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow-water bentic marine gastropods. Biological Bulletin, 140, 284–322.
- Scheltema, R. S. 1986. Long-distance dispersal by planktonic larvae of shoal-water benthic invertebrates among central Pacific islands. Bulletin of Marine Science, 39, 241–256.
- Schröder, M. 1995. Frühontogenetische Schalen jurassischer und unterkretazischer Gastropoden aus Norddeutschland und Polen. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 283, 1–95.
- Schulbert, C. and Nützel, A. 2013. Gastropods from the Early/Middle Jurassic transition of Franconia (Southern Germany). Bulletin of Geosciences, 88, 723–778.
- Seuss, B., Nützel, A., Mapes, R. H. and Yancey, T. E. 2009. Facies and fauna of the Pennsylvanian Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry deposit: a review and new data on an important Palaeozoic fossil Lagersttte with aragonite preservation. Facies, 55, 609–645.
- Seuss, B., Nützel, A., Scholz, H. and Frýda, J. 2012. The Palaeozoic evolution of the gastropod larval shell: larval armor and tight coiling as results of predation driven heterochronic character displacement. Evolution and Development, 14, 212–228.
- Short, J., Metaxas, A. and Daigle, R. M. 2012. Predation of larval benthic invertebrates in St George's Bay, Nova Scotia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93, 591–599.
- Shuto, T. 1974. Larval ecology of prosobranch gastropods and its bearing on biogeography and paleontology. Lethaia, 7, 239–256.
- Signor, P. W. and Vermeij, G. 1994. The plankton and the benthos: origins and early history of an evolving relationship. Paleobiology, 20, 297–319.
- Strathmann, R. R. 1986. What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement for the evolution session. Bulletin of Marine Science, 39, 616–622.
- Strathmann, R. R. 1993. Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics, 24, 89–117.
- Thorson, G. 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biological Reviews, 25, 1–45.
- Todd, J. A. and Munt, M. C. 2010. 10. Mollusca – Gastropods. 147–168. In Lord, A. R. and Davis, P. G. (eds). Fossils from the Lower Lias of the Dorset coast. The Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 13, 436 pp.
- Tracey, S. 2010. 10. Gastropods. 106–155. In Young, J. R., Gale, A. S., Knight, R. I. and Smith, B. A. (eds). Fossils of Gault Clay. The Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 12, 342 pp.
- Twitchett, R. J. 2006. The palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental analysis of mass extinction events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232, 190–213.
- Valentine, J. W. 1986. The Permian-Triassic extinction event and invertebrate development modes. Bulletin of Marine Science, 39, 607–615.
- Valentine, J. W. and Jablonski, D. 1986. Mass extinctions: sensitivity of marine larval types. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 83, 6912–6914.
- Verduin, A. 1977. On a remarkable dimorphism of the apices of sympatric closely-related marine gastropod species. Basteria, 41, 91–95.
- Vermeij, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology, 3, 245–258.
- Vermeij, G. J. 1987. Evolution and escalation, an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 527 pp.
- Vermeij, G. J. 2013. On escalation. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 41, 1–19.
- Wagner, P. J. 2000. Exhaustion of morphological character states among fossil taxa. Evolution, 54, 365–386.
- Wagner, P. J. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the earliest anisotrophically coiled gastropods. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 88, 1–152.
- Yoo, E. K. 1988. Early Carboniferous Mollusca from Gundy, Upper Hunter, New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum, 40, 233–264.
- Yoo, E. K. 1994. Early Carboniferous Gastropoda from the Tamworth Belt, New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 46, 63–110.
- Young, R. E. and Harman, R. F. 1988. “Larva”, “paralarva”, and “subadult” in cephalopod terminology. Malacologia, 29, 201–207.