Article: Rooting phylogenies of problematic fossil taxa; a case study using cinctans (stem-group echinoderms)
Publication: Palaeontology
Volume:
52
Part:
4
Publication Date:
July
2009
Page(s):
803
–
821
Author(s):
Andrew B. Smith and Samuel Zamora
References
- BARRANDE, J. 1887. Système Silurien du centre de la Bohème. Vol. VII. Classe des échinodermes, ordre des Cystidées. Prague-Leipzig, 233 pp. Published by the author.
- BATHER, F. A. 1913. Caradocian Cystidea from Girvan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 49, 359–529.
- BOTTJER, D. J., DAVIDSON, E. H., PETERSON, K. J. and CAMERON, R. A. 2006. Paleogenomics of echinoderms. Science, 314, 956–960.
- CABIBEL, J., TERMIER, H. and TERMIER, G. 1959. Les echinoderms mesocambriens de la Montagne Noire. Annales de Paleontologie, 44, 281–294.
- CASTER, K. E. 1967. Homoiostelea. S581–S623. In MOORE, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part S. Echinodermata 1. The Geological Society of America Boulder, Colorado and The University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
- CAVALIER-SMITH, T. 2006. Rooting the tree of life by translation analyses. Biology Direct, 1, 19 [doi:DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-19].
- DAVID, B., LEFEBVRE, B., MOOI, R. and PARSLEY, R. 2000. Are homalozoans echinoderms? An answer from the extraxial-axial theory Paleobiology, 26, 529–555.
- DOMÍNGUEZ-ALONSO, P. 1999. The early evolution of echinoderms: the class Ctenocystoidea and its closest relatives revisited. 263–268. In CANDIA CARNEVALI, M. D. and BONASORO, F. (eds). Echinoderm Research 1998: Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Echinoderms, Milan, Italy, 7–12 September 1998. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
- DOMÍNGUEZ-ALONSO, P. and JEFFERIES, R. P. S. 2005. A cladogram for the Deuterostomia based on molecular-biological and fossil evidence. Abstracts of the 53rd symposium on vertebrate palaeontology and comparative anatomy, London, 30.
- FATKA, O. and KORDULE, V. 2001. Asturicystis havliceki sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Homostelea) from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia (Barrandian area, Czech Republic). Casopis Ceské Geologické Společnosti. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 46, 189–193.
- FRIEDRICH, W. P. 1993. Systematik und Funktionsmorphologie mittelkambrischer Cincta (Carpoidea, Echinodermata). Beringeria, 7, 3–190.
- FRIEDRICH, W. P. 1995. Neue Nachweise mittelkambrischer Cincta (Carpoidea, Echinodermata) aus Marokko, Sardinien und Süd-Wales. In GEYER, G. and LANDING, E. (eds). Morocco ‘95 – The Lower–Middle Cambrian standard of western Gondwana; introduction, field guide, abstracts, and proceedings of the First conference of the Lower Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group and I.G.C.P. Project 366: Ecological Aspects of the Cambrian Radiation. Beringeria, Sonderheft, 2, 255–269.
- FORTEY, R. A. and CHATTERTON, B. D. E. 1988. Classification of the trilobite suborder Asaphina. Palaeontology, 33, 529–576.
- GRADSTEIN, F. M., OGG, J. G. and SMITH, A. E. (eds) 2004. A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 610 pp.
- HESS, P. N. and DE MORAES RUSSO, C. A. 2007. An empirical test of the midpoint rooting method. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 669–674.
- JAEKEL, O. 1900. Ueber Carpoideen: eine neue Klasse von Pelmatozoen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 52, 661–667.
- JAEKEL, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 3, 1–128.
- JEFFERIES, R. P. S. 1990. The solute Dendrocystoides scoticus from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland and the ancestry of chordates and echinoderms. Palaeontology, 33, 631–679.
- JEFFERIES, R. P. S., BROWN, N. A. and DALEY, P. E. J. 1996. The early phylogeny of chordates and echinoderms and the origin of chordate left-right asymmetry and bilateral symmetry. Acta Zoologica, 77, 101–122.
- LAKE, J. A., HERBOLD, C. W., RIVERA, M. C., SERVIN, J. A. and SKOPHAMMER, R. G. 2007. Rooting the tree of life using nonubiquitous genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 130–136.
- MADDISON, D. R. and MADDISON, W. P. 2000. MacClade 4.0. [Computer programme and documentation]. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Maas.
- MADDISON, W. P., DONOGHUE, M. J. and MADDISON, D. R. 1984. Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Systematic Zoology, 33, 83–103.
- NIXON, K. C. and CARPENTER, J. M. 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics, 9, 413–426.
- PATTERSON, C. 1994. Null or minimal models. 173–192. In SCOTLAND, R. W., SIEBERT, D. J. and WILLIAMS, D. M. (eds). Models in phylogenetic reconstruction. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- PINNA, M. C. C. de 1994. Ontogeny, rooting and polarity. 157–172. In SCOTLAND, R. W., SIEBERT, D. J. and WILLIAMS, D. M. (eds). Models in phylogenetic reconstruction. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- RAHMAN, I. A. and ZAMORA, S. 2009. The oldest cinctan carpoid (stem group Echinodermata) and the evolution of the water vascular system. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 156.
- ROZHNOV, S. V. 2006. Carpozoan echinoderms from the middle Cambrian (Mayaktakh formation) of Siberia (lower reaches of the Lena river). Paleontological Journal, 40, 266–275.
- RUTA, M. 1999a. A new stylophoran echinoderm, Juliaecarpus milnerorum, from the late Ordovician Upper Ktaoua formation of Morocco. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 55, 47–79.
- RUTA, M. 1999b. A cladistic analysis of the anomalocystitd mitrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 127, 345–421.
- SCHRÖDER, R. 1973. Carpoideen aus dem Mittelkambrium Nordspaniens. Palaeontographica A, 141, 119–142.
- SDZUY, K. 1993. Early Cincta (Carpoidea) from the middle Cambrian of Spain. Beringeria, 8, 189–207.
- SMITH, A. B. 2005. The pre-radial history of echinoderms. Geological Journal, 40, 255–280.
- SPRINKLE, J. 1982. Acolocrinus. In SPRINKLE, J. (ed.). Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Monograph, Lawrence, KS, 1, 111–118.
- SPRINKLE, J. and ROBISON, R. A. 1978. Addendum to subphylum Homalozoa. Ctenocystoids. T998–T1002. In MOORE, R. C. and TEICHERT, C. (eds). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T Echinodemata 2. Geological Society of America, Boulder Colorado and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
- SUMRALL, C. D. 1997. The role of fossils in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Echinodermata. In WATERS, J. A. and MAPLES, C. L. (eds). Geobiology of Echinoderms. Paleontological Society Papers, 3, 267–288.
- SUMRALL, C. D. and WRAY, G. A. 2007. Ontogeny in the fossil record: diversification of body plans and the evolution of `abberant' symmetry in Paleozoic echinoderms. Paleobiology, 33, 149–163.
- SWOFFORD, D. L. 2002. PAUP* version 4.0b10 for Macintosh [computer program and documentation]. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Maas.
- TERMIER, H. and TERMIER, G. 1973. Les Echinodermes Cincta du Cambrien de la Montagne Noire. Geobios, 6, 243–266.
- UBAGHS, G. 1967. Homostelea. S565–S581. In MOORE, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part S. Echinodemata 1. The Geological Society of America. Boulder, CO and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
- UBAGHS, G. 1975. Early Paleozoic echinoderms. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 3, 79–98.
- WESTON, P. H. 1994. Methods for rooting cladistic trees. 125–155. In SIEBERT, D. J., SCOTLAND, R. W. and WILLIAMS, D. M. (eds). Models in Phylogeny Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- WHEELER, Q. D. 1990. Ontogeny and character phylogeny. Cladistics, 6, 225–268.
- WILEY, E. O. 1979. An annotated Linnean hierarchy, with comments on natural taxa and competing systems. Systematic Zoology, 28, 308–337.
- ZAMORA, S. and SMITH, A. B. 2008. A new Middle Cambrian stem group echinoderm from Spain: palaeobiological implications of a highly asymmetric cinctan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53, 207–220.