Article: Lycophytes from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) locality Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prà della Vacca) in the Dolomites (northern Italy)
Publication: Palaeontology
Volume:
53
Part:
3
Publication Date:
May
2010
Page(s):
595
–
626
Author(s):
Evelyn Kustatscher, Michael Wachtler and Johanna H. A. Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert
References
- ALVIN, K. L. 1965. A new fertile lycopods from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. Palaeontology, 8, 281–293.
- AMSTUTZ, E. 1957. Stylites, a new genus of Isoetaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 44, 121–123.
- ANDREWS, H. N. 1961. Studies in Palaeobotany. Wiley and Sons Ed., New York and London, 487 pp.
- ASH, S. R. 1972. Late Triassic plants from the Chinle Formation in North-Eastern Arizona. Palaeontology, 15, 598–618.
- ASH, S. R. 1979. Skilliostrobus gen. nov., a new lycopsid cone from the early Triassic of Australia. Alcheringa, 3, 73–89.
- BALME, B. E. 1963. Plant microfossils from the Lower Triassic of Western Australia. Palaeontology, 6, 12–40.
- BANERJI, J. 1989. Some Mesozoic plant remains from Bhuj Formation with remarks on the depositional environment of beds. The Palaeobotanist, 37, 159–168.
- BANERJI, J., KUMARAN, K. P. N. and MAHESHWARI, H. K. 1978. Upper Triassic sporae dispersae from the Tiki Formation: megaspores from the Janar Nala section, South Rewa Gondwana Basin. The Palaeobotanist, 25, 1–26.
- BARALE, G. 1991. Sur a présence d’une novelle espèce d’Isoetites dans la flore du Crétacè inférieur de la région de Tataouine (Sud tunisien): implications paléoclimatiques et phylogénétiques. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 189–196.
- BATTEN, D. J. 1999. Small palynomorphs. 15–19. In JONES, T. P. and ROWE, N. P. (eds). Fossil plants and spores. – Modern Techniques. The Geological Society, London, 396 pp.
- BECHSTÄDT, T. and BRANDNER, R. 1970. Das Anis zwischen St. Vigil und dem Höhlensteintal (Pragser-und Olanger Dolomiten, Südtirol). 9–103. In MOSTLER, H. (ed.). Beitrge zur Mikrofazies und Stratigraphie von Tirol und Vorarlberg (Festband des Geologischen Institutes, 300-Jahr-Feier Universitt Innsbruck). Wagner, Innsbruck, 569 pp.
- BERGAD, R. D. 1978. Ultrastructural studies of selected North American Cretaceous megaspores of Minerisporites, Erlansonisporites, Horstisporites and Ricinispora n. gen. Palynology, 2, 39–51.
- BLANCKENHORN, M. 1886. Die fossile Flora des Buntsandsteins und des Muschelkalks der Umgegend von Commern. Palaeontographica, 32B, 117–153.
- BOCK, W. 1962. A study on fossil Isoetes. Journal of Paleontology, 36, 53–59.
- BOCK, W. 1969. The American Triassic Flora and Global Distribution. Geological Center Research Series, 3–4, 1–406.
- BOSE, M. N. and ROY, S. K. 1964. Studies on the upper Gondwana of Kutch – 2. Isoetaceae. Palaeobotanist, 12, 226–227.
- BRIK, M. I. 1952. Flora fossil and stratigraphy of lower Mesozoic deposits of the central Ilek River in western Kazachastan. Trudy Geologiskhaya Instituta Nauchotekhniskoi Akademia Nauk, S.S.S.R., 9, 3–73. [In Russian].
- BROGLIO LORIGA, C., FUGAGNOLI, A., Van KONIJNENBURG-van CITTERT, J. H. A., KUSTATSCHER, E., POSENATO, R. and WACHTLER, M. 2002. The Anisian macroflora from the Northern Dolomites (Monte Prà della Vacca/Kühwiesenkopf, Braies): a first report. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 108, 381–390.
- BROWN, R. W. 1939. Some American fossil plants belonging to the Isoetales. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 29, 261–269.
- BROWN, R. W. 1958. Paleobotany. – New occurrences of the fossil quillworts called Isoetites. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 48, 358–361.
- CANTRILL, D. J. and WEBB, J. A. 1998. Permineralized pleuromeid lycopsid remains from the Early Triassic Arcadia Formation, Queensland, Australia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 102, 189–211.
- CHALONER, W. 1967. Lycophyta. 437–802. In BOUREAU, E. (ed.). Traité de paleobotanique. Tome II. Bryophyta, psilophyta et lycophyta. Masson et Cie Editeurs, Paris, 845 pp.
- COLLINSON, M. E. 1991. Diversification of modern heterosporous pteridophytes. In BLACKMORE, S. and BARNER, S. H. (eds). Pollen and Spores. Systematic Association Special Volume, 44, 119–150.
- COUPER, R. A. 1958. British Mesozoic microspores and pollen grains a systematic and stratigraphic study. Palaeontographica, 103B, 75–179.
- DAUGHERTY, L. H. 1941. The Upper Triassic Flora of Arizona. Carnegie Institute, Washington Publications, 526, 1–108.
- DE JERSEY, N. J. 1979. Palynology of the Permian–Triassic Transition in the Western Bowen basin. Geological Survey of Queensland, 374, 1–39.
- DE ZANCHE, V., FRANZIN, A., GIANOLLA, P., MIETTO, P. and SIORPAES, C. 1992. The Piz da Peres Section (Valdaora-Olang, Pusteria Valley, Italy): a reappraisal of the Anisian stratigraphy in the Dolomites. Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae, 85, 127–143.
- DETTMANN, M. E. 1961. Lower Mesozoic megaspores from Tasmania and South Australia. Micropaleontology, 7, 71–86.
- DOBRUSKINA, I. A. 1974. Triassic Lepidophytes. Paleontological Zhurnal, 3, 111–124.
- DOBRUSKINA, I. A. 1985. Some problems of the systematics of the Triassic lepidophytes. Paleontological Zhurnal, 19, 74–88.
- EMMONS, E. 1856. Geological report of the Midland Counties of North Carolina. George P. Putnam and Co., New York, 352 pp.
- EMMONS, E. 1857. American geology, part 6. Sprague, Albany, New York, 152 pp.
- FLICHE, P. 1910. Flore fossile du Trias en Lorraine et Franche-Comté. Ed. Berger-Levrault, Paris, Nancy, 297 pp.
- FONTAINE, W. M. 1883. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia. United States Geological Survey Monograph, 6, 1–144.
- FRENTZEN, K. 1914. Die Flora des Bundsandsteins Badens. Mitteilungen des Großherzolichen Badischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 8, 63–158.
- FUGAGNOLI, A. and POSENATO, R. 2004. Middle Triassic (Anisian) benthic Foraminifera from the Monte Prà della Vacca/Kühwiesenkopf section (Dont Fm, Braies Dolomites, Northern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 43, 347–360.
- GIEBEL, C. G. 1853. Referat über Spieker. Zeitschrift für die gesamten Naturwissenschaften, 2, 34.
- GLAESSNER, M. F. and RAO, V. R. 1955. Lower Cretaceous plant remains from the vicinity of Mount Babbage, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Australia, 78, 134–140.
- GRAUVOGEL-STAMM, L. 1978. La flore du Grès à Voltzia (Buntsandstein supérieur) des Vosges du Nord (France). Sciences Géologiques, Mémoirs, 50, 1–225.
- GRAUVOGEL-STAMM, L. 1991. Bustia ludovici n.g.n.sp., a new enigmatic reproductive organ from the Voltzia Sandstone (early Middle Triassic) of the Vosges (France). Its bearing of lycopod origin. Neues Jahrbuch für Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 183, 329–345.
- GRAUVOGEL-STAMM, L. 1993. Pleuromeia sternbergii (Münster) Corda from the Lower Triassic Germany – further observations and comparative morphology of its rooting organ. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 77, 185–212.
- GRAUVOGEL-STAMM, L. and DURINGER, P. 1983. Annalepis zeilleri Fliche 1910 emend., un organe reproducteur de Lycophyte de la Lettenkohle de l’Est de la France. Morphologie, spores in situ et paléoécologie. Geologische Rundschau, 72, 23–51.
- GRAUVOGEL-STAMM, L. and LUGARDON, B. 2001. The Triassic Lycopsids Pleuromeia and Annalepis: Relationships, Evolution, and Origin. American Fern Journal, 91, 115–149.
- GRAUVOGEL-STAMM, L. and LUGARDON, B. 2004. The spores of the Triassic Lycopsid Pleuromeia sternbergii (Münster) Corda: morphology, ultrastructure, phylogenetic implications and chronostratigraphic inferences. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, 631–650.
- HALLE, T. G. 1907. Einige krautartige Lycopodiaceen palozoischen und mesozoischen Alters. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 7, 1–17.
- HELBY, R. and MARTIN, A. R. H. 1965. Cyclostrobus gen. nov., cones of lycopsidean plants from the Narrabeen group (Triassic) of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Botany, 13, 389–404.
- HOOKER, W. J. 1861. The British ferns. L. Reeve, London, 305 pp.
- HSÜ, J. 1950. China, Central Yunnan. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 29, 19–20.
- JUNG, W. W. 1958. Zur Biologie und Morphologie einiger disperser Megasporen, vergleichbar mit solchen von Lycostrobus scottii, aus dem Rht-Lias Frankens. Geologische Bltter für Nordost-bayern, 8, 114–130.
- KARRFALT, E. 1984. Further observations on Nathorstiana (Isoetaceae). American Journal of Botany, 71, 1023–1030.
- KELBER, K.-P. and HANSCH, W. 1995. Keuperpflanzen. Die Entrtselung einer über 200 Millionen Jahre alten Flora. Museo, 11, 1–157.
- KENRICK, P. and CRANE, P. R. 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 441 pp.
- KRASSILOV, V. A. and ZAKHAROV, Y. D. 1975. Pleuromeia from the Lower Triassic of the Far East of the U.S.S.R. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 19, 221–232.
- KUSTATSCHER, E. 2004. Macroflore terrestri del Triassico Medio delle Dolomiti e loro inquadramento bio-cronostratigrafico e paleoclimatico mediante palinomorpfi. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 220 pp.
- KUSTATSCHER, E. and ROGHI, G. 2006. Anisian palynomorphs from the Dont Formation of Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca section (Braies Dolomites, Italy). Micropaleontology, 52, 223–244.
- KUSTATSCHER, E., Van KONIJNENBURG-van CITTERT, J. H. A. and ROGHI, G. 2010. Macrofloras and palynomorphs as possible proxies for palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological studies: a case study of the Fossillagersttte Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca (Olang Dolomites, N-Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 291, 71–80.
- KUSTATSCHER, E., WACHTLER, M. and Van KONIJNENBURG-van CITTERT, J. H. A. 2007. Horsetails and seedferns from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) locality Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prà della Vacca) in the Dolomites (Northern Italy). Palaeontology, 50, 1277–1298.
- KUSTATSCHER, E., MANFRIN, S., MIETTO, P., POSENATO, R. and ROGHI, G. 2006. New biostratigraphic data on Anisian (Middle Triassic) palynomorphs from the Dolomites (Italy). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 140, 79–90.
- LEE, H. H. 1951. On some Selaginellites remains from the Tatung Coal series. Science Record, 4, 193–196.
- LELE, K. M. 1962. Studies in the Indian Middle Gonwana Flora. 2. Plant Fossils from the South Rewa Gondwana Basin. The Palaeobotanist, 10, 69–83.
- LESCHIK, G. 1955. Die Keuperflora von Neuwelt bei Basel. II. Die Iso- und Microsporen. Schweizer Palontologische Abhandlungen, 72, 1–70.
- LI XINGXUE, ZHOU ZHIYAN, CAI CHONGYANG, SUN GE, OUYANG SHU and DENG LONGHUA 1995. Fossil floras of China through the geological ages. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou, China, 695 pp.
- LINDLEY, J. and HUTTON, W. 18313. The fossil flora of Great Britain. James Ridgway, London, 208 pp.
- LINNAEUS, C. 1753. Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.
- LUNDBLAD, B. 1948. Selaginelloid Strobilus from East Greenland (Triassic). Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening København, 11, 351–363.
- LUNDBLAD, B. 1950a. Studies in the Rhaeto-Liassic Floras of Sweden: I: 1 Pteridophyta, Pteridospermae, and Cycadophyta from the mining district of NW Scania. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Series 4, 1, 5–82.
- LUNDBLAD, B. 1950b. On a fossil Selaginella from the Rhaetic Hyllinge, Scania. Svenska Botaniisk Tidskrift, 44, 475–487.
- McNEILL, J., BARRIE, F. R., BURDET, H. M., DEMOULIN, V., HAWKSWORTH, D. L., MARHOLD, K., NICOLSON, D. H., PRADO, J., SILVA, P. C., SKOG, J. E., WIERSEMA, J. H. and TURLAND, N. J. (eds) 2007. Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress Vienna, Austria, July 2005. Gantner, Ruggell (Regnum Vegetabile, 146). XVIII, 568 pp.
- MÄGDEFRAU, K. 1931. Zur Morphologie und phylogenetischen Bedeutung der fossilen Pflanzengattung Pleuromeia. Beiheften zum Botanischen Centralblatt, 48, 119–140.
- MAHESHWARI, H. and BANERJI, J. 1975. Lower Triassic palynomorphs from the Maitur Formation, West Bengal, India. Palaeontographica, 152B, 149–190.
- MASARATI, D. L. and THOMAS, B. A. 1982. The stomata of Isoetes. Phyta, Studies on Living & Fossil Plants, 1982, 155–162.
- MENG FANSONG 1995. Flora of the Badong Formation. 6–27. In MENG, F., XU, A., ZHANG, Z., LIN, J. and YAO, H. (eds). Nonmarine biota and sedimentary facies of the Badong Formation in the Yangzi and its neighbouring area, eds. Press China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 76 pp. [In Chinese; English abstract].
- MENG FANSONG 1996. Middle Triassic Lycopsids flora of South China and its palaeoecological significance. Palaeobotanist India, 45, 334–343.
- MENG FANSONG 1998. Studies on Annalepis from Middle Triassic along the Yangtze Valley and its bearing on the Origin of Isoetes. Acta Botanica Sinica, 40, 768–774.
- MENG FANSONG 2000. Advances in the study of Middle Triasic plant of the Yangtze Valley of China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 39, 154–166.
- MENG FANSONG, ZHANG ZHENLAI, NIU ZHIJUN and CHEN DAYOU 2000. Primitive lycopsid flora in the Yangtze Valles of China and systematics and evolution of Isoetales. 70–85. In Changsha Science and Technology Press, Hunan Province, 87 pp.
- MORBELLI, M. A. and PETRIELLA, B. 1973. ‘Austrostrobus ornatum’ nov. gen. et sp., cono petrificado de Lycopsida del Triasico de Santa Cruz (Argentina). Revista del Museo de La Plata (N.S.), seccion Paleontologia, 7, 279–289.
- MOUGEOT, A. 1849. Observations sur le Caulopteris Lesangeana (Schimper et Mougeot) et nécessité de créer pour ce végétal fossile un genre nouveau dédiéà Lesaing. Annales de la Societé d’Emulation des Vosges, 7, 7–16.
- MÜNSTER, G. GRAF VON 1842. Beitrge zur Petrefactenkunde. Buchner’sche Buchhandlung, Bayreuth, 131 pp.
- NATHORST, A. G. 1908. Palobotanische Mitteilungen, 3. Lycostrobus scotti, eine grosse Sporophyllhre aus den rtischen Ablagerungen Schonens. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 43, 1–9.
- NEUBURG, M. F. 1936. On the stratigraphy of the coal-bearing deposits of the Kuznetsk Basin. Bulletin de l’academié des Scienzes de L’URSS, classe des scienzes mathematiques et naturelles, 4, 469–510.
- PAL, P. K. 1984. Morphotaxonomy of Heterophyllous Lycopsid Shoot from the Rajmahl Hills, India. The Palaeobotanist, 32, 321–325.
- PASSONI, L. and Van KONIJNENBURG-van CITTERT, J. H. A. 2003. New taxa of fossil Carnian plants from Mount Pora (Bergamasc Alps, Northern Italy). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 123, 321–346.
- PIGG, K. B. 1992. Evolution of Isoetalean Lycopsids. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden, 79, 589–612.
- PIGG, K. B. 2001. Isoetalean Lycopsid Evolution: from the Devonian to the Present. American Fern Journal, 91, 99–114.
- PIGG, K. B. and ROTHWELL, G. W. 1983a. Chalonia gen nov., heterosporous lycophyte from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Botanical Gazette, 144, 132–147.
- PIGG, K. B. and ROTHWELL, G. W. 1983b. Megagametophyte development in the Chaloneriaceae fam. Nov., permineralized Paleozoic Isoetales (Lycopsida). Botanical Gazette, 144, 295–302.
- PLAYFORD, G. 1965. Plants microfossils from Triassic sediments near Poatina, Tasmania. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 12, 173–210.
- PLAYFORD, G. and DETTMANN, M. E. 1965. Rhaeto-Liassic plant microfossils from the Leigh Creek Coal Measures, South Australia. Senckengergiana Lethaia, 46, 127–181.
- POTONIÉ, H. 1902. Pleuromeiacae. 754–756. In ENGER, A. (ed.). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfossilien von Engler. Teil 4, Leipzig, 740 pp.
- POTONIÉ, H. 1904. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen fossiler Pflanzen-Reste der paleozoischen und mesozoischen Formationen. Königliche Preussische Geologische Landes-Anstalt und Bergakademie, II, 38/39, 1–15.
- POTONIÉ, R. 1956a. Die Behandlung der Sporae dispersae und der fossilen Pflanzen, überhaupt nach dem internationalen Code der Botanischen Nomenklatur. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 30, 69–87.
- POTONIÉ, R. 1956b. Synopsis der Gattungen der Sporae dispersae. Teil 1. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Beiheft, 23, 1–103.
- POTONIÉ, R. 1962. Synopsis der Sporae in situ. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Beiheft, 52, 1–204.
- PRANTL, K. 1874. Lehrbuch der Botanik. Engelmann, Leipzig, 240 pp.
- REICHENBACH, H. G. L. 1828. Conspectus regni vegetabilis per gradus naturales evoluti. Carolum Cnobloch, Lipsiae, 294 pp.
- RETALLACK, G. J. 1975. The life and times of a Triassic lycopod. Alcheringa, 1, 3–29.
- RETALLACK, G. J. 1997. Earliest Triassic origin of Isoetes and Quillwort evolutionary radiation. Journal of Paleontology, 71, 500–521.
- RICHTER, P. B. 1909. Beitrge zur Flora der unteren Kreide Quedlinburgs, II. Die Gattung Nathorstiana und Cylindrites spongioides. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 12 pp.
- ROTHWELL, G. W. and ERWIN, D. M. 1985. The rhizomorph apex of Paurodendron; implications for homologies among the rooting organs of Lycopsida. American Journal of Botany, 72, 86–98.
- SADOVNIKOV, G. N. 1982. The morphology, systematics and distribution of the genus Tomiostrobus. Paleontological Journal, 1982, 100–109.
- SCHIMPER, W. P. 1869. Traité de Paléontologie végétale ou la flore du monde primitif dans ses rapports avec les formations géologiques et la flore du monde actuel. I. J. B. Baillère et Fils éd., Paris, 738 pp.
- SCHIMPER, W. P. and MOUGEOT, A. 1844. Monographie des Plantes fossiles du Grès Bigarré de la Chaine des Vosges. Ed. G. Engelmann, Leipzig, 83 pp.
- SCHWEITZER, H.-J., Van KONIJNENBURG-van CITTERT, J. H. A. and VAN DER BURGH, J. 1997. The Rhaeto-Jurassic flora of Iran and Afghanistan. 10. Bryophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta-Eusporangiatae and -Protoleptosporangiatae. Palaeontographica, 243B, 103–192.
- SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B., ZÜHLKE, R., BECHSTÄDT, T. and FLÜGEL, E. 1993. Anisian (Middle Triassic) Buildups of the Northern Dolomites (Italy): The Recovery of Reef Communities after the Perm/Triassic Crisis. Facies, 28, 181–256.
- SEWARD, A. C. 1910. Fossil plants II – a textbook for students of Botany and Geology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 624 pp.
- SEWARD, A. C. 1917. Fossil plants, III Pteridospermae, Cycadofilices, Cordaitales, Cycadophyta. University Press, Cambridge, 559 pp.
- SEWARD, A. C. 1931. Plant life through the ages – a geological and botanical retrospect. University Press, Cambridge, 603 pp.
- SKOG, J. E. and HILL, C. R. 1992. The Mesozoic herbaceous lycopsids. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 79, 648–675.
- SKOG, J. E., DILCHER, D. L. and POTTER, F. W. 1992. A new species of Isoetites from the mid- Cretaceous Dakota Group of Kansas and Nebraska. American Fern Journal, 82, 151–161.
- SNIGIREVSKAYA, N. S. 1980. Takhtajanodoxa Snig., a new link in evolution of lycopsids. 45–53. In ZHILIN, S. G. (ed.). Systematika i evolyutsiya vysshikh rastenii. Nauka, Leningrad, 122 pp. [In Russian].
- SPIEKER, T. 1854. Pleuromoia, eine neue fossile Pflanzengattung und ihre Arten, gebildet aus Sigillaria Sternbergi Münst. des bunten Sandsteins zu Bernburg. Zeitschrift für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1852, 177–191.
- SRIVASTAVA, G. K., PANT, D. D. and SHUKULA, P. K. 1993a. The Genus Isoetes L. in India. American Fern Journal, 83, 105–119.
- SRIVASTAVA, G. K., SRIVASTAVA, P. C. and SHUKULA, P. K. 2004. Antiquity and diversification of Isoëtes through the ages. 263–279. In SRIVASTAVA, P. C. (ed.). Vistas in Palaeobotany and plant morphology: evolution and environmental perspectives – Prof. D.D. Pant memorial volume. U.P. Offset, Lucknow, India.
- SUN, G., MENG, F., QIAN, L. and OUYANG, S. 1990. Triassic Floras. 305–318. In LI, X., ZHOU, Z., CAI, C., SUN, G., OUYANG, S. and DENG, L. (eds). Fossil Floras of China through the geological ages. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangdong, 695 pp.
- TAYLOR, W. C. and HICKEY, R. J. 1992. Habitat, evolution, and speciation in Isoetites. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 79, 613–622.
- TAYLOR, T. N., TAYLOR, E. J. and KRINGS, M. 2009. The biology and evolution of plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1230 pp.
- THOMAS, B. A. 1992. Paleozoic herbaceous lycopsids and the beginnings of extant Lycopodium sens. lat. and Selaginella sens. lat. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 79, 624–631.
- TRYON, R. M. and TRYON, A. F. 1982. Ferns and allied plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 875 pp.
- VAN KONIJNENBURG-van CITTERT, J. H. A., KUSTATSCHER, E. and WACHTLER, M. 2006. Middle Triassic (Anisian) ferns from the locality Kühwiesenkopf (Monte Prà della Vacca) in the Dolomites (Northern Italy). Palaeontology, 49, 943–968.
- WALKOM, A. B. 1941. Fossil plants from Gingin W.A. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 28, 201–208.
- WANG QI 2008. Proposal to conserve the name Pleuromeia with that spelling (fossil lycopsida). Taxon, 57, 659–660.
- WANG ZIQIANG 1991. Advances on the Permo-Triassic lycopods in North. China. I. An Isoetes from the mid-Triassic in Northern Shaanxi. province. Palaeontographica, 222B, 1–30.
- WANG ZIQIANG 1996. Recovery of vegetation from the terminal Permian mass extinction in North China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 91, 121–142.
- WANG ZIQIANG and LOU, Y. 1990. Studies of the megaspores of a Mid-Triassic lycopsid in Shaanxi, China. Acta Botanica Sinica, 32, 397–403.
- WANG ZIQIANG and WANG LIXIN 1982. A new species of the Lycopsid Pleuromeia from the Early Triassic of Shanxi, China, and its ecology. Palaeontology, 25, 215–225.
- WANG ZIQIANG and WANG LIXIN 1990. New plant assemblages from the bottom of the Mid-Triassic Ermaying Formation. Shanxi Geology, 5, 303–318.
- WARD, L. F. 1900. Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States. First paper: the older Mesozoic. 20th Annual Report 1898–1899, U. S. Geological Survey, II General Geology and Paleontology, Washington, 211–748.
- WHITE, M. E. 1981. Cyclomeia undulata (Burges) gen et comb. nov., a Lycopod of the early Triassic strata of New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum, 33, 723–734.
- WILLKOMM, H. M. 1854. Anleitung zum Studien der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, 2. Specielle Botanik. Fleischer, Leipzig, 163 pp.
- WOOD, G. R. and BEESTON, J. W. 1986. A late Permian lycopod cone Skilliostrobus sp. cf. S. australis Ash 1979 from Queensland. Geological Survey of Queensland, Publications, 387, 41–49.
- ZEILLER, R. 1906. Bassin houiller et Permien de Blanzy et du Creusot. II. Flore fossile. Études Gîtes Minéraux de la France. Ministère des Travaux Publics, Paris, 265 pp.