Skip to content Skip to navigation

Article: A macroevolutionary expansion of the modern synthesis and the importance of extrinsic abiotic factors

Publication: Palaeontology
Volume: 56
Part: 6
Publication Date: November 2013
Page(s): 1179 – 1198
Author(s): Corinne E. Myers and Erin E. Saupe
Addition Information

How to Cite

MYERS, C. E., SAUPE, E. E. 2013. A macroevolutionary expansion of the modern synthesis and the importance of extrinsic abiotic factors. Palaeontology, 56, 6, 1179–1198.

Online Version Hosted By

Wiley Online Library
Get Article: Wiley Online Library [Pay-to-View Access] |

References

  • Abe, F. R. and Lieberman, B. S. 2009. The Nature of evolutionary radiations: a case study involving Devonian trilobites. Evolutionary Biology, 36, 225–234.
  • Abe, F. R. and Lieberman, B. S. 2012. Quantifying morphological change during an evolutionary radiation of Devonian trilobites. Paleobiology, 38, 292–307.
  • Allen, T. H. F. and Starr, T. B. 1982. Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 328 pp.
  • Allmon, W. D. 2013. Species, speciation and palaeontology up to the Modern Synthesis: persistent themes and unanswered questions. Palaeontology, published online May 2013 (this issue). doi: 10.1111/pala.12054
  • Allmon, W. D. and Ross, R. M. 1990. Specifying causal factors in evolution: the paleontological contribution. 1–21. In Ross, R. M. and Allmon, W. D. (eds). Causes of evolution: a paleontological perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 494 pp.
  • Alroy, J. 2010. The shifting balance of diversity among major marine animal groups. Science, 329, 1191–1194.
  • Anderson, R. P., Gómez-Laverde, M. and Peterson, A. T. 2002. Geographical distributions of spiny pocket mice in South America: insights from predictive models. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11, 131–141.
  • Araújo, M. B., Pearson, R. G., Thuiller, W. and Erhard, M. 2005. Validation of species–climate impact models under climate change. Global Change Biology, 11, 1504–1513.
  • Araújo, M. B., Thuiller, W. and Pearson, R. G. 2006. Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1712–1728.
  • Arnold, A. J. and Fristrup, K. 1982. The theory of evolution by natural selection: a hierarchical expansion. Paleobiology, 8, 113–129.
  • Bachmann, K. 1998. Species as units of diversity: an outdated concept. Theory in Biosciences, 117, 213–230.
  • Bard, J. 2010. A systems biology view of evolutionary genetics. BioEssays, 32, 559–563.
  • Barnosky, A. D. 1987. Punctuated equilibria and phyletic gradualism: some facts from the Quaternary mammalian record. In Genoways, H. H. (ed.). Current Mammalogy, 11, 109–147.
  • Barnosky, A. D. 2001. Distinguishing the effects of the red queen and court jester on Miocene mammal evolution in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 172–185.
  • Barraclough, T. G. and Vogler, A. P. 2000. Detecting the geographic pattern of speciation from species level phylogenies. The American Naturalist, 155, 419–434.
  • Baum, D. A. 2009. Species as ranked taxa. Systematic Biology, 58, 74–86.
  • Bennett, K. D. 1990. Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology, 16, 11–21.
  • Bennett, K. D. 2013. Is the number of species on Earth increasing or decreasing? Time, chaos and the origin of species. Palaeontology, published online (this issue).
  • Bentlage, B., Peterson, A. T. and Cartwright, P. 2009. Inferring distributions of chirodropid box-jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) in geographic and ecological space using ecological niche modeling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 384, 121–133.
  • Bourg, N. A., McShea, W. J. and Gill, D. E. 2005. Putting a CART before the search: successful habitat prediction for a rare forest herb. Ecology, 86, 2793–2804.
  • Brett, C. E. and Baird, G. C. 1995. Coordinated stasis and the evolutionary ecology of Silurian to Middle Devonian faunas in the Appalachian Basin. 285–317. In Erwin, D. H. and Anstey, R. L. (eds) New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Brooks, D. R. 1985. Historical ecology: a new approach to studying the evolution of ecological associations. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 72, 660–680.
  • Brooks, D. R. 1988. Scaling effects in historical biogeography: a new view of space, time and form. Systematic Zoology, 37, 237–244.
  • Brooks, D. R. 2011. The extended synthesis: something old, something new. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 4, 3–7.
  • Brooks, D. R. and McLennan, D. A. 1991. Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 441 pp.
  • Brooks, D. R. and Wiley, E. O. 1986. Evolution as entropy: toward a unified theory of biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 368 pp.
  • Brooks, D. R., Thorson, T. B. and Mayes, M. A. 1981. Freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) and their helminth parasites: testing hypotheses of evolution and coevolution. 147–175. In Funk, V. A. and Brooks, D. R. (eds). Advances in cladistics: proceedings of the first meeting of the Willi Hennig Society. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 250 pp.
  • Burns, T. P., Patten, B. C. and Higashi, M. 1991. Hierarchical evolution in ecological networks: environs and selection. 211–239. In Higashi, M. and Burns, T. P. (eds). Theoretical studies of ecosystems: the network perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York, 374 pp.
  • Busby, J. R., Margules, C. R. and Austin, M. P. 1991. BIOCLIM – a bioclimate analysis and prediction system. 64–68. In Margules, C. R. and Austin, M. P. (eds). Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. CSIRO, Melbourne, 220 pp.
  • Buss, L. W. 1983. Evolution, development, and the units of selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 80, 1387–1391.
  • Buss, L. W. 1987. The evolution of individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 228 pp.
  • Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. and Jackson, R. B. 2008. Biology, Eighth edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Press, San Francisco, 1393 pp.
  • Carpenter, G., Gillison, A. N. and Winter, J. 1993. DOMAIN: a flexible modeling procedure for mapping potential distributions of plants and animals. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2, 667–680.
  • Carroll, R. L. 2000. Towards a new evolutionary synthesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 27–32.
  • Carroll, S. B. 2001. The big picture. Nature, 409, 669.
  • Carroll, S. B. 2008. Evo-devo and an expanding evolutionary synthesis: a genetic theory of morphological evolution. Cell, 134, 25–36.
  • Carstens, B. C. and Richards, C. L. 2007. Integrating coalescent and ecological niche modeling in comparative phylogeography. Evolution, 61, 1439–1454.
  • Cartwright, P. 2003. Developmental insights into the origin of complex colonial hydrozoans. Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43, 82–86.
  • Castenholz, R. W. 1973. The ecology of blue-green algae in hot springs. 379–414. In Carr, N. G. and Whitten, B. H. (eds). The biology of blue-green algae. Blackwell, London, 676 pp.
  • Cheetham, A. H., Jackson, J. B. C. and Hayek, L.-A. C. 1994. Quantitative genetics of bryozoan phenotypic evolution. II: analysis of selection and random change in fossil species using reconstructed genetic parameters. Evolution, 48, 360–375.
  • Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A. and Wilson, M. R. 1997. Species: the unit of diversity. Chapman and Hall, New York, 460 pp.
  • Congreve, C. R. 2013. Clade turnover: the end Ordovician as a large scale analogue of species turnover. Palaeontology, published online (this issue).
  • Corrigan, S. and Beheregaray, L. B. 2009. A recent shark radiation: molecular phylogeny, biogeography and speciation of wobbegong sharks (family: Orectolobidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 205–216.
  • Coyne, J. A. and Orr, H. A. 2004. Speciation. Sinaur Associates, Sunderland, MA, 545 pp.
  • Cracraft, J. 1982. A nonequilibrium theory for the rate-control of speciation and extinction and the origin of macroevolutionary patterns. Systematic Zoology, 31, 348–365.
  • Cracraft, J. 1985. Species selection, macroevolutionary analysis, and the ‘hierarchical theory’ of evolution. Systematic Zoology, 34, 222–229.
  • Crônier, C. 2013. Morphological disparity and developmental patterning: contribution of phacopid trilobites. Palaeontology, published online 27 February 2013. doi: 10.1111/pala.12024.
  • Cronin, T. M. and Ikeya, N. 1990. Tectonic events and climate change: opportunities for speciation in Cenozoic marine Ostracoda. 210–248. In Ross, R. M. and Allmon, W. D. (eds). Causes of evolution: a paleontological perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 494 pp.
  • Damuth, J. 1985. Selection among ‘species’: a formulation in terms of natural functional units. Evolution, 39, 1132–1146.
  • Danchin, É., Charmantier, A., Champagne, A., Mesoudi, A., Pujol, B. and Blanchet, S. 2011. Beyond DNA: integrating inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics, 12, 475–486.
  • Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, First edition. John Murray, London, 502 pp.
  • Dawkins, R. 1976. The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, New York, 360 pp.
  • Depew, D. J. and Weber, B. H. 2011. The fate of Darwinism: evolution after the modern synthesis. Biological Theory, 6, 89–102.
  • Dickins, T. E. and Rahman, Q. 2012. The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 279, 2913–2921.
  • Dietl, G. P. 2013. The great opportunity to view stasis with an ecological lens. Palaeontology, published online (this issue).
  • Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York, 364 pp.
  • Dobzhansky, T. 1941. Genetics and the origin of species, Second edition. Columbia University Press, New York, 446 pp.
  • Dudei, N. L. and Stigall, A. L. 2010. An ecological niche modeling approach to assess biogeographic response of brachiopod species during the Richmondian (Late Ordovician) Invasion in the Cincinnati Arch. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 296, 28–43.
  • Eldredge, N. 1979. Alternative approaches to evolutionary theory. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 13, 7–19.
  • Eldredge, N. 1985. Unfinished synthesis: biological hierarchies and modern evolutionary thought. Oxford University Press, New York, 237 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. 1989a. Punctuated equilibria, rates of change and large-scale entities in evolutionary systems. Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 12, 173–184.
  • Eldredge, N. 1989b. Macroevolutionary dynamics: species, niches and adaptive peaks. McGraw Hill, New York, 226 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. 1995. Reinventing Darwin: the great debate at the high table of evolutionary theory. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 244 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. 1996. Hierarchies in macroevolution. 42–61. In Jablonski, D., Erwin, D. H., and Lipps, J. H. (eds). Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 492 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. 2003. The sloshing bucket: how the physical realm controls evolution. 3–32. In Crutchfield, J. P., and Schuster, P. (eds). Evolutionary dynamics: exploring the interplay of selection, accident, neutrality, and function. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 488 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. and Cracraft, J. 1980. Phylogenetic patterns and the evolutionary process: method and theory in comparative biology. Columbia University Press, New York, 349 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. and Gould, N. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. 82–115. In Schopf, T. J. M. (ed.). Models in paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper and Company, San Francisco, 250 pp.
  • Eldredge, N. and Salthe, S. N. 1984. Hierarchy and evolution. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 1, 182–206.
  • Eldredge, N., Thompson, J. N., Brakefield, P. M., Gavrilets, S., Jablonski, D., Jackson, J. B. C., Lenski, R. E., Lieberman, B. S., McPeek, M. A. and Miller, W. III 2005. The dynamics of evolutionary stasis. Paleobiology, 31, 133–145.
  • Emmeche, C., Køppe, S. and Stjernfelt, F. 1997. Explaining emergence: towards an ontology of levels. Journal for General Philosophy of Science, 28, 83–119.
  • Erwin, D. H. 1990. Carboniferous-Triassic gastropod diversity and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Paleobiology, 16, 187–203.
  • Erwin, D. H. 2001. Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 5399–5403.
  • Erwin, D. H. 2006. Extinction: how life on Earth nearly ended 250 million years ago. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 296 pp.
  • Erwin, D. H. 2007. Disparity: morphologic pattern and developmental context. Palaeontology, 50, 57–73.
  • Erwin, D. H., Valentine, J. W. and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr 1987. A comparative study of diversification events: the early Paleozoic versus the Mesozoic. Evolution, 41, 1177–1186.
  • Filipchenko, I. A. 1927. Variabilitt und Variation. Gerbrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, 101 pp.
  • Fisher, R. A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 291 pp.
  • Fleagle, J. G. and Gilbert, C. C. 2006. The biogeography of primate evolution: the role of plate tectonics, climate and chance. 375–418. In Lehman, S. M. and Fleagle, J. G. (eds). Primate biogeography. Springer, New York, 548 pp.
  • Foote, M. 1997. The evolution of morphological diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28, 129–152.
  • Futuyma, D. J. 1998. Evolutionary biology, Third edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 763 pp.
  • Geary, D. H. 2009. The legacy of punctuated equilibrium. 127–146. In Allmon, W. D., Kelley, P. H. and Ross, R. M. (eds). Stephen Jay Gould: reflections on his view of life. Oxford University Press, New York, 400 pp.
  • Ghiselin, M. T. 1974. A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology, 23, 536–544.
  • Gilbert, S. F., Opitz, J. M. and Raff, R. A. 1996. Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Developmental Biology, 173, 357–372.
  • Goldschmidt, R. 1940. The material basis of evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 438 pp.
  • Goodwin, B. 1991. How the leopard changed its spots: the evolution of complexity. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 275 pp.
  • Gould, S. J. 1980a. Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? Paleobiology, 6, 119–130.
  • Gould, S. J. 1980b. G. G. Simpson, paleontology and the modern synthesis. 153–172. In Mayr, E. and Provine, W. B. (eds). The evolutionary synthesis. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 489 pp.
  • Gould, S. J. 1982. Darwinism and the expansion of evolutionary theory. Science, 216, 380–387.
  • Gould, S. J. 1985. The paradox of the first tier: an agenda for paleobiology. Paleobiology, 11, 2–12.
  • Gould, S. J. 1990. Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 352 pp.
  • Gould, S. J. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1464 pp.
  • Gould, S. J. and Lewontin, R. C. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 205, 581–598.
  • Graham, C. H., Ron, S. R., Santos, J. C., Schneider, C. J. and Moritz, C. 2004. Integrating phylogenetics and environmental niche models to explore speciation mechanisms in dendrobatid frogs. Evolution, 58, 1781–1793.
  • Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 772 pp.
  • Haldane, J. B. S. 1932. The causes of evolution. Harper, New York, 235 pp.
  • Hall, B. K. 2003. Evo-devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 47, 491–495.
  • Hallam, A. 1981. Relative importance of plate movements, eustasy, and climate in controlling major biogeographical changes since the early Mesozoic. 303–330. In Nelson, N. and Rosen, D. E. (eds). Vicariance biogeography: a critique. Columbia University Press, New York, 593 pp.
  • Hallam, A. and Wignall, P. B. 1997. Mass extinctions and their aftermath. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 328 pp.
  • Hansen, T. A. 1978. Larval dispersal and species longevity in Lower Tertiary gastropods. Science, 199, 885–887.
  • Hendry, A. P., Vamosi, S. M., Latham, S. J., Heilbuth, J. C. and Day, T. 2000. Questioning species realities. Conservation Genetics, 1, 67–76.
  • Hoekstra, H. E. and Coyne, J. A. 2007. The locus of evolution: evo devo and the genetics of adaptation. Evolution, 61, 995–1016.
  • Holliday, R. 1994. Epigenetics: an overview. Developmental Genetics, 15, 453–457.
  • Holliday, R. 2006. Epigenetics: a historical overview. Epigenetics, 1, 76–80.
  • Holt, R. D. 2009. Bringing the Hutchinsonian niche into the 21st century: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 19659–19665.
  • Hull, D. L. 1976. Are species really individuals? Systematic Zoology, 25, 174–191.
  • Hull, D. L. 1978. A matter of individuality. Philosophy of Science, 45, 335–360.
  • Hull, D. L. 1980. Individuality and selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 311–332.
  • Hunt, G. 2007. The relative importance of directional change, random walks, and stasis in the evolution of fossil lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 18404–18408.
  • Hunt, G., Roy, K. and Jablonski, D. 2005. Species-level heritability reaffirmed: a comment on ‘On the heritability of geographic range sizes’. The American Naturalist, 166, 129–135.
  • Huxley, J. S. 1942. Evolution: the modern synthesis. Harper Press, New York, 645 pp.
  • Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M. J. 2008a. Soft inheritance: challenging the modern synthesis. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31, 389–395.
  • Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M. J. 2008b. The epigenome in evolution: beyond the modern synthesis. VOGiS Herald, 12, 242–254.
  • Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M. J. 2010. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. 137–174. In Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B. (eds). Evolution: the extended synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge, 495 pp.
  • Jablonski, D. 1987. Heritability at the species level: analysis of geographic ranges of Cretaceous mollusks. Science, 238, 360–363.
  • Jablonski, D. 2000. Micro- and macroevolution: scale and hierarchy in evolutionary biology and paleobiology. Paleobiology, 26, 15–52.
  • Jablonski, D. 2001. Lessons from the past: evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 5393–5398.
  • Jablonski, D. 2007. Scale and hierarchy in macroevolution. Palaeontology, 50, 87–109.
  • Jablonski, D. 2008. Species selection: theory and data. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 39, 501–524.
  • Jablonski, D. 2010. Origination patterns and multilevel processes in macroevolution. 335–354. In Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B. (eds). Evolution: the extended synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge, 495 pp.
  • Jablonski, D. and Hunt, G. 2006. Larval ecology, geographic range, and species survivorship in Cretaceous mollusks: organismic versus species-level explanations. The American Naturalist, 168, 556–564.
  • Jablonski, D. and Lutz, R. A. 1983. Larval ecology and marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biological Reviews, 58, 21–89.
  • Jablonski, D. and Raup, D. M. 1995. Selectivity and end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions. Science, 268, 389–391.
  • Jablonski, D., Benton, M. J., Gastaldo, R. A., Marshall, C. R. and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr 1997. Macroevolution in the 21st century. In Lane, H. R., Lipps, J., Steininger, F. F. and Ziegler, W. (eds). Paleontology in the 21st Century Workshop. Kleine Senckenbergreihe, 25, 111–119.
  • Jablonski, D., Roy, K. and Valentine, J. W. 2006. Out of the tropics: evolutionary dynamics of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Science, 314, 102–106.
  • Jackson, J. B. C. and Cheetham, A. H. 1999. Tempo and mode of speciation in the sea. Trends in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 14, 72–77.
  • Kammer, T. W., Baumiller, T. K. and Ausich, W. I. 1997. Species longevity as a function of niche breadth: evidence from fossil crinoids. Geology, 25, 219–222.
  • Kassen, R. 2002. The experimental evolution of specialists, generalists, and the maintenance of diversity. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 15, 173–190.
  • Kelley, P. H. 1983. The role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of Chesapeake Group bivalves. Paleobiology, 9, 261–268.
  • Knoll, A. H. 1989. Evolution and extinction in the marine realm: some constraints imposed by phytoplankton. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 325, 279–290.
  • Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Canfield, D. E. and Grotzinger, J. P. 1996. Comparative Earth history and the Late Permian mass extinction. Science, 273, 452–457.
  • Koonin, E. V. 2009. The Origin at 150: is a new evolutionary synthesis in sight? Trends in Genetics, 25, 473–475.
  • Krug, A. Z., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J. W. and Roy, K. 2009. Generation of Earth's first-order biodiversity pattern. Astrobiology, 9, 113–124.
  • Kutschera, U. and Niklas, K. J. 2004. The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis. Naturwissenchaften, 91, 255–276.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 1992. An extension of the SMRS concept into a phylogenetic context. Evolutionary Theory, 10, 157–161.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 1997. Early Cambrian paleogeography and tectonic history: a biogeographic approach. Geology, 25, 1039–1042.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2000. Paleobiogeography: using fossils to study global change, plate tectonics, and evolution. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 208 pp.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2003a. Paleobiogeography: the relevance of fossils to biogeography. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 34, 51–69.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2003b. Paleobiogeography: integrating plate tectonics and evolution. Priscum, 12, 9–11.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2003c. Taking the pulse of the Cambrian radiation. Journal of Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43, 229–237.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2005. Earth history change: the pacemaker of evolution. 5–13. In Lieberman, B. S. and Stigall Rode, A. (eds). Paleobiogeography: generating new insights into the coevolution of the Earth and its biota. Paleontological Society Papers 11, Paleontological Society, Lawrence, 158 pp.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2008. Stephen Jay Gould's evolving, hierarchical thoughts on stasis. 227–241. In Allmon, W. D., Kelley, P. and Ross, R. (eds). Stephen Jay Gould: reflections on his view of life. Oxford University Press, New York, 400 pp.
  • Lieberman, B. S. 2012. Adaptive radiations in the context of macroevolutionary theory: a paleontological perspective. Evolutionary Biology, 39, 181–191.
  • Lieberman, B. S. and Dudgeon, S. 1996. An evaluation of stabilizing selection as a mechanism for stasis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 127, 229–238.
  • Lieberman, B. S. and Eldredge, N. 1996. Trilobite biogeography in the Middle Devonian: geological processes and analytical methods. Paleobiology, 22, 66–79.
  • Lieberman, B. S. and Melott, A. L. 2013. Declining volatility, a general property of disparate systems: from fossils, to stocks, to the stars. Palaeontology, published online 13 February 2013. doi: 10.1111/pala.12017.
  • Lieberman, B. S. and Vrba, E. S. 1995. Hierarchy theory, selection, and sorting. BioScience, 45, 394–399.
  • Lieberman, B. S. and Vrba, E. S. 2005. Stephen Jay Gould on species selection: 30 years of insight. Paleobiology, 31, 113–121.
  • Lieberman, B. S., Allmon, W. D. and Eldredge, N. 1993. Levels of selection and macroevolutionary patterns in the turritellid gastropods. Paleobiology, 19, 205–215.
  • Lieberman, B. S., Brett, C. E. and Eldredge, N. 1995. A study of stasis and change in two species lineages from the Middle Devonian of New York state. Paleobiology, 21, 15–27.
  • Lieberman, B. S., Miller, W. III and Eldredge, N. 2007. Paleontological patterns, macroecological dynamics, and the evolutionary process. Evolutionary Biology, 34, 28–48.
  • Lloyd, E. A. and Gould, S. J. 1993. Species selection on variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 595–599.
  • Love, A. C. 2003. Evolutionary morphology, innovation, and the synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology. Biology and Philosophy, 18, 309–345.
  • Maguire, K. C. and Stigall, A. L. 2008. Paleobiogeography of Miocene Equinae of North America: a phylogenetic biogeographic analysis of the relative roles of climate, vicariance, and dispersal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 267, 175–184.
  • Maguire, K. C. and Stigall, A. L. 2009. Distribution of fossil horses in the Great Plains during the Miocene and Pliocene: an ecological niche modeling approach. Paleobiology, 35, 597–611.
  • Malizia, R. W. and Stigall, A. L. 2011. Niche stability in Late Ordovician articulated brachiopod species before, during, and after the Richmondian Invasion. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 311, 154–170.
  • Mallet, J. 2008. Hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: empirical evidence for the ease of speciation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 363, 2971–2986.
  • Marshall, C. R. and Valentine, J. W. 2010. The importance of preadapted genomes in the origin of the animal bodyplans and the Cambrian explosion. Evolution, 64, 1189–1201.
  • Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 334 pp.
  • Mayr, E. 1957. Difficulties and importance of the biological species concept. 371–388. In Mayr, E. (ed.). The species problem, Vol. 50. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 406 pp.
  • Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 797 pp.
  • Mayr, E. 1982. The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 974 pp.
  • Mayr, E. 2002. What evolution is. Basic Books, New York, 366 pp.
  • Mayr, E. and Provine, W. B. (eds.) 1980. The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 508 pp.
  • Miller, A. I. 1997. Coordinated stasis or coincident relative stability? Paleobiology, 23, 155–164.
  • Miller, W. III 2004. Assembly of large ecologic systems: macroevolutionary connections. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie Monatshefte 2004, 2004, 629–640.
  • Mishler, B. D. 1999. Getting rid of species? 307–315. In Wilson, R. A. (ed.). Species: new interdisciplinary essays. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 349 pp.
  • Montgomery, D. R. 2000. Coevolution of the Pacific salmon and Pacific Rim topography. Geology, 28, 1107–1110.
  • Moyle, R. G., Filardi, C. E., Smith, C. E. and Diamond, J. 2009. Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a ‘great speciator’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 1863–1868.
  • Müller, G. B. 2007. Evo-devo: extending the evolutionary synthesis. Nature, 8, 943–949.
  • Nanny, L. C. and Schopf, K. M. (eds) 1996. New perspectives on faunal stability in the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 127, 361 pp.
  • Neige, P., Dera, G. and Dommergues, J.-L. 2013. Adaptive radiation in the fossil record: a case study among Jurassic ammonoids. Palaeontology, published online (this issue).
  • Okasha, S. 2012. Emergence, hierarchy, and top-down causation in evolutionary biology. Interface Focus, 2, 49–54.
  • Paterson, H. E. 1985. The recognition concept of species. Species and Speciation, 4, 21–29.
  • Patzkowsky, M. E. 1995. A hierarchical branching model of evolutionary radiations. Paleobiology, 21, 440–460.
  • Patzkowsky, M. E. and Holland, S. M. 1997. Patterns of turnover in Middle and Upper Ordovician brachiopods of the eastern United States: a test of coordinated stasis. Paleobiology, 23, 420–443.
  • Pearson, R. G. and Dawson, T. P. 2003. Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 361–371.
  • Pennisi, E. 2008. Modernizing the modern synthesis. Science, 321, 196–197.
  • Peters, S. E. 2008. Environmental determinants of extinction selectivity in the fossil record. Nature, 454, 626–629.
  • Peterson, A. T. 2001. Predicting species' geographic distributions based on ecological niche modeling. The Condor, 103, 599–605.
  • Peterson, A. T. 2003. Predicting the geography of species' invasions via ecological niche modeling. Quarterly Review of Biology, 78, 419–433.
  • Peterson, A. T. 2006. Uses and requirements of ecological niche models and related distributional models. Biodiversity Informatics, 3, 59–72.
  • Peterson, A. T. and Holt, R. D. 2003. Niche differentiation in Mexican birds: using point occurrences to detect ecological innovation. Ecology Letters, 6, 774–782.
  • Peterson, A. T., Soberón, J. and Sanchez-Cordero, V. 1999. Conservatism of ecological niches in evolutionary time. Science, 285, 1265–1267.
  • Peterson, A. T., Martínez-Campos, C., Nakazawa, Y. and Martínez-Meyer, E. 2005. Time-specific ecological niche modeling predicts spatial dynamics of vector insects and human dengue cases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99, 647–655.
  • Peterson, A. T., Stewart, A., Mohamed, K. I. and Arau′JO, M. B. 2008. Shifting global invasive potential of European plants with climate change. PLoS One, 3, e2441.
  • Peterson, A. T., Soberón, J., Pearson, R. G., Anderson, R. P., Martínez-Meyer, E., Nakamura, M. and Araújo, M. B. 2011. Ecological niches and geographic distributions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 316 pp.
  • Phillips, S. J., Dudik, M. and Schapire, R. E. 2004. A maximum entropy approach to species distribution modeling. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Machine Learning, AMC Press, New York, 655–662.
  • Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. and Schapire, R. E. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modeling, 190, 231–259.
  • Pigliucci, M. 2007. Do we need an extended evolutionary synthesis? Evolution, 61, 2743–2749.
  • Pigliucci, M. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity 355–378. In Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B. (eds). Evolution: the extended synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge, 495 pp.
  • Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B. (eds). 2010a. Evolution: the extended synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge, 495 pp.
  • Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B. 2010b. Elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis 3–17. In Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B. (eds). Evolution: the extended synthesis. MIT Press, Cambridge, 495 pp.
  • Pleijel, F. and Rouse, G. W. 2000. Least-inclusive taxonomic unit: a new taxonomic concept for biology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 267, 627–630.
  • Price, J. 2000. Modeling the potential impacts of climate change on the summer distributions of Massachusetts passerines. Bird Observer, 28, 224–230.
  • Raff, R. A. 1996. The shape of life: genes, development, and the evolution of animal form. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 544 pp.
  • Raup, D. M. 1979. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science, 206L, 217–218.
  • Raup, D. M. 1994. The role of extinction in evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 6758–6763.
  • Raup, D. M. and Sepkoski, J. J. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science, 215, 1501–1503.
  • Rehfedlt, G. E., Ying, C. C., Spittlehouse, D. L. and Hamilton, D. A. Jr 1999. Genetic responses to climate in Pinus contorta: niche breadth, climate change, and reforestation. Ecological Monographs, 69, 375–407.
  • Rensch, B. 1947. Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre. F. Enke, Stuttgart, Germany, 407 pp.
  • Ricklefs, R. E. 2010. Evolutionary diversification, coevolution between populations and their antagonists, and the filling of niche space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 1265–1272.
  • Ridley, M. 2004. Evolution, Third edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 672 pp.
  • Rose, M. R. and Oakley, T. H. 2007. The new biology: beyond the modern synthesis. Biology Direct, 2, 30.
  • Rosen, D. E. 1978. Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 27, 159–188.
  • Rosen, D. E. 1979. Fishes from the uplands and intermontane basins of Guatemala: revisionary studies and comparative geography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 162, 269–375.
  • Rosen, B. 1991. Life itself. Columbia University Press, New York, 285 pp.
  • Ross, R. M. and Allmon, W. D. (eds). 1990. Causes of evolution: a paleontological perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 494 pp.
  • Rothschild, L. and Lister, A. (eds). 2003. Evolution on planet Earth: the impact of the physical environment. Academic Press, London, 453 pp.
  • Roura-Pascual, N., Suarez, A. V., Gómez, C., Pons, P., Touyama, Y., Wild, A. L. and Peterson, A. T. 2005. Geographic potential of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile Mayr) in the face of global climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 271, 2527–2535.
  • Saupe, E. E., Papes, M., Selden, P. A. and Vetter, R. S. 2011. Tracking a medically important spider: climate change, ecological niche modeling, and the brown recluse (Loxosceles reclusa). PLoS One, 6, e17731.
  • Saupe, E. E., Barve, V., Myers, C. E., Soberón, J., Barve, N., Hensz, C. M., Peterson, A. T., Owens, H. L. and Lira-Noriega, A. 2012. Variation in niche and distribution model performance: the need for a priori assessment of key causal factors. Ecological Modeling, 237–238, 11–22.
  • Schrey, A. W., Richards, C. L., Meller, V., Sollars, V. and Ruden, D. M. 2012. The role of epigenetics in evolution: the extended synthesis. Genetics Research International, 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/286164.
  • Seilacher, A. 2013. Patterns of macroevolution through the Phanerozoic. Palaeontololgy, published online (this issue).
  • Sepkoski, D. 2012. Rereading the fossil record: the growth of paleobiology as an evolutionary discipline. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 432 pp.
  • Sepkoski, D. and Ruse, M. 2009. The paleobiological revolution: essays on the growth of modern paleontology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 568 pp.
  • Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. Columbia University Press, New York, 237 pp.
  • Simpson, G. G. 1953. The major features of evolution. Columbia University Press, New York, 434 pp.
  • Sober, E. R. 1982. The Modern Synthesis: its scopes and limits. Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2, 314–321.
  • Sober, E. R. 1984. The nature of selection: evolutionary theory in philosophical focus. MIT Press, Cambridge, 383 pp.
  • Soberón, J. and Nakamura, M. 2009. Niches and distributional areas: concepts, methods, and assumptions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 19644–19650.
  • Soberón, J. and Peterson, A. T. 2005. Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species' distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics, 2, 1–10.
  • Solé, R. V. and Valverde, S. 2013. Macroevolution in silico: scales, constraints and universals. Palaeontology, published online (this issue), doi: 10.1111/pala.12047.
  • Stanley, S. M. 1975. A theory of evolution above the species level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 72, 646–650.
  • Stanley, S. M. 1979. Macroevolution: patterns and process. Freeman Press, San Francisco, 332 pp.
  • Stanley, S. M. 1990. The general correlation between rate of speciation and rate of extinction: fortuitous causal linkages. 103–127. In Ross, R. M. and Allmon, W. D. (eds). Causes of evolution: a paleontological perspective. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 494 pp.
  • Stanley, S. M. and Yang, X. 1987. Approximate evolutionary stasis for bivalve morphology over millions of years: a multivariate, multilineage study. Paleobiology, 13, 113–139.
  • Stebbins, G. L. Jr 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York, 643 pp.
  • Stebbins, G. L. Jr and Ayala, F. J. 1981. Is a new evolutionary synthesis necessary? Science, 213, 967–971.
  • Stigall, A. L. 2010. Speciation decline during the Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis related to species invasions. PLoS One, 5, e15584.
  • Stigall, A. L. 2011. Integrating GIS and phylogenetic biogeography to assess species-level biogeographic patterns: a case study of Late Devonian faunal dynamics. 113–140. In Upchurch, P., McGowan, A. and Slater, C. (eds). Palaeogeography and palaeobiogeography: biodiversity in space and time. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 239 p.
  • Stigall, A. L. 2012. Using ecological niche modeling to evaluate niche stability in deep time. Journal of Biogeography, 39, 772–781.
  • Stigall, A. L. and Lieberman, B. S. 2006. Quantitative paleobiogeography: GIS, phylogenetic biogeographic analysis, and conservation insights. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 2051–2060.
  • Stigall, A. L., Hembree, D. I., Gierlowski-Kordesch, E. H. and Weismiller, H. C. 2013. Evidence for a dioceious mating system in a new clam shrimp (Crustacea, Branchipoda, Spinicaudata) from the Early Jurassic Kalkrand basalt of Namibia. Palaeontology, published online (this issue).
  • Stigall Rode, A. L. and Lieberman, B. S. 2005a. Paleobiogeographic patterns in the Middle and Late Devonian emphasizing Laurentia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 222, 272–284.
  • Stigall Rode, A. L. and Lieberman, B. S. 2005b. Using environmental niche modelling to study the Late Devonian biodiversity crisis. 93–180. In Over, D. J., Morrow, J. R. and Wignall, P. B. (eds). Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic biotic and climatic events: towards an integrated approach. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 344 pp.
  • Stockwell, D. R. B. and Peters, D. 1999. The GARP modeling system: problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction. International Journal of Geographic Information Science, 13, 143–158.
  • Stoltzfus, A. 2006. Mutationism and the dual causation of evolutionary change. Evolution and Development, 8, 304–317.
  • Streidter, F. J. and Northcutt, R. G. 1991. Biological hierarchies and the concept of homology. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 38, 177–189.
  • Svenning, J.-C., Borchsenius, F., Bjorholm, S. and Balslev, H. 2008. High tropical net diversification drives the New World latitudinal gradient in palm (Arecaceae) species richness. Journal of Biogeography., 35, 394–406.
  • Thuiller, W., Araújo, M. B. and Lavorel, S. 2004. Do we need land-cover data to model species distributions in Europe? Journal of Biogeography, 31, 353–361.
  • Turelli, M., Barton, N. H. and Coyne, J. A. 2001. Theory and speciation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 330–343.
  • Valentine, J. W. 2004. On the origin of phyla. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 608 pp.
  • Valentine, J. W. and May, C. L. 1996. Hierarchies in biology and paleontology. Paleobiology, 22, 23–33.
  • Valentine, J. W. and Moores, E. M. 1970. Plate tectonic regulation of faunal diversity and sea level: a model. Nature, 228, 657–659.
  • Valentine, J. W. and Moores, E. M. 1972. Global tectonics and the fossil record. Journal of Geology, 80, 167–184.
  • Valentine, J. W., Foin, T. C. and Peart, D. 1978. A provincial model of Phanerozoic marine diversity. Paleobiology, 4, 55–66.
  • Valentine, J. W., Jablonski, D., Krug, A. Z. and Roy, K. 2008. Incumbency, diversity, and latitudinal gradients. Paleobiology, 34, 169–178.
  • van Dam, J. A., Aziz, H. A., Álvarez Sierra, M. A., Hilgen, F. J., van den Hoek Ostende, L. W., Lourens, L. J., Mein, P., van der Meulen, A. J. and Palaez-Campomanes, P. 2006. Long-period astronomical forcing of mammal turnover. Nature, 443, 687–691.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1980. Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? South African Journal of Science, 76, 61–84.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1983. Macroevolutionary trends: new perspectives on the roles of adaptation and the incidental effect. Science, 221, 387–389.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1984. What is species selection? Systematic Zoology, 33, 318–328.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1985. Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. South African Journal of Science, 81, 229–236.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1987. Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene-Recent mammal clades. Evolutionary Ecology, 1, 283–300.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1989. Levels of selection and sorting with special reference to the species level. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 6, 111–168.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1995. Species as habitat-specific, complex systems. 3–44. In Lambert, D. M. and Spencer, H. G. (eds). Speciation and the recognition concept. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 504 pp.
  • Vrba, E. S. 1996. On the connection between paleoclimate and evolution. 24–45. In Vrba, E. S.,Denton, G. H., Partridge, T. C. and Burckle, L. H. (eds). Paleoclimate and evolution with emphasis on human origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, 558 pp.
  • Vrba, E. S. and Eldredge, E. S. 1984. Individuals, hierarchies and processes: towards a more complete evolutionary theory. Paleobiology, 10, 146–171.
  • Vrba, E. S. and Gould, S. J. 1982. Exaptation – a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8, 4–15.
  • Vrba, E. S. and Gould, S. J. 1986. The hierarchical expansion of sorting and selection: sorting and selection cannot be equated. Paleobiology, 12, 217–228.
  • Waltari, E., Hijmans, R. J., Peterson, A. T., Nyári, Á. S., Perkins, S. L. and Guralnick, R. O. 2007. Locating Pleistocene refugia: comparing phylogeographic and ecological niche model predictions. PLoS One, 2, e563.
  • Webb, T. K. and Gaston, K. J. 2003. On the heritability of geographic range sizes. The American Naturalist, 161, 553–566.
  • Webster, A. J., Payne, R. J. H. and Pagel, M. 2003. Molecular phylogenies link rates of evolution and speciation. Science, 301, 478.
  • Wheeler, Q. D. and Meier, R. (eds). 2000. Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. Columbia University Press, New York, 256 pp.
  • Whitfield, J. 2008. Biological theory: postmodern evolution? Nature, 455, 281–284.
  • Wiens, J. J., Engstrom, T. N. and Chippendale, P. T. 2006. Rapid diversification, incomplete isolation, ‘speciation clock’ in North American salamanders (genus Plethodon): testing the hybrid swarm hypothesis of rapid speciation. Evolution, 60, 2585–2603.
  • Wiley, E. O. 1988a. Parsimony analysis and vicariance biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 37, 271–290.
  • Wiley, E. O. 1988b. Vicariance biogeography. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 19, 513–542.
  • Wiley, E. O. and Liebermen, B. S. 2011. Phylogenetics: theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics, Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 406 pp.
  • Wiley, E. O. and Mayden, R. L. 1985. Species and speciation in phylogenetic systematics, with examples from North American fish fauna. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 72, 596–635.
  • Wiley, E. O. and Mayden, R. L. 2000. The evolutionary species concept. 70–89. In Wheeler, Q. D. and Meier, R. (eds). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. Columbia University Press, New York, 256 p.
  • Williams, G. C. 1996. Adaptation and natural selection: a critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 320 pp.
  • Woese, C. R. and Goldenfeld, N. 2009. How the microbial world saved evolution from the Scylla of molecular biology and the Charybdis of the modern synthesis. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 73, 14–21.
  • Wright, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97–159.
  • Wright, S. 1932. The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Genetics, 1, 356–366.
  • Yee, T. W. and Mitchell, N. D. 1991. Generalized additive models in plant ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2, 587–602.
PalAss Go! URL: http://go.palass.org/5mg | Twitter: Share on Twitter | Facebook: Share on Facebook | Google+: Share on Google+