Article: How Did Life Become So Diverse? The Dynamics of Diversifiction According to the Fossil Record and Molecular Phylogenetics
Publication: Palaeontology
Volume:
50
Part:
1
Publication Date:
January
2007
Page(s):
23
–
40
Author(s):
Michael J. Benton and Brent C. Emerson
References
- ADLER, P. B. 2004. Neutral models fail to reproduce observed species-area and species-time relationships in Kansas grassland. Ecology, 85, 1265–1272.
- ALROY, J. 1998. Equilibrial diversity dynamics in North American mammals. 233–287. In McKINNEY, M. L. and DRAKE, J. L. (eds). Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa, and communities. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, 552 pp.
- ALROY, J. 2004. Are Sepkoski's evolutionary faunas dynamically coherent? Evolutionary Ecology Research, 6, 1–32.
- ALROY, J. et al. (24 co-authors) 2001. Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 98, 6261–6266.
- AMORES, A., FORCE, A., YAN, Y.-L., JOLY, L., AMEMIYA, C., FRITZ, A., HO, R. K., LANGELAND, J., PRINCE, V., WANG, Y.-L. and WESTERFIELD, M. 1998. Zebrafish Hox clusters and vertebrate genome evolution. Science, 282, 711–714.
- AVISE, J. C., ARNOLD, J. and BALL, R. M. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18, 489–522.
- BALDWIN, B. G., KYHOS, D. W., DVORAK, J. and CARR, G. D. 1991. Chloroplast DNA evidence for a North American origin of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 88, 1840–1843.
- BARNES, I., MATHEUS, P., SHAPIRO, B., JENSEN, D. and COOPER, A. 2002. Dynamics of Pleistocene population extinctions in Beringian brown bears. Science, 295, 2267–2270.
- BARNOSKY, A. D., CARRASCO, M. A. and DAVIS, E. B. 2005. The impact of the species-area relationship on estimates of paleodiversity. PLoS Biology, 3, 1–6.
- BARRIER, M., BALDWIN, B. G., ROBICHAUX, R. H. and PURUGGANAN, M. D. 1999. Interspecific hybrid ancestry of a plant adaptive radiation: allopolyploidy of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) inferred from floral homeotic gene duplications. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16, 1105–1113.
- BATEMAN, R. M., CRANE, P. R., DIMICHELLE, W. A., KENRICK, P. R., ROWE, N. P., SPECK, T. and STEIN, W. E. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 263–292.
- BENTON, M. J. 1985. Mass extinction among non-marine tetrapods. Nature, 316, 811–814.
- BENTON, M. J. 1995. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science, 268, 52–58.
- BENTON, M. J. 1996. On the nonprevalence of competitive replacement in the evolution of tetrapods. 185–210. In JABLONSKI, D., ERWIN, D. H. and LIPPS, J. H. (eds). Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 492 pp.
- BENTON, M. J. 1997. Models for the diversification of life. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 490–495.
- BENTON, M. J. 2001. Biodiversity on land and in the sea. Geological Journal, 36, 211–230.
- BENTON, M. J. 2003. The quality of the fossil record. 66–90. In DONOGHUE, P. C. J. and SMITH, M. P. (eds). Telling the evolutionary time: molecular clocks and the fossil record. CRC Press, London, 296 pp.
- BENTON, M. J. and AYALA, F. J. 2003. Dating the tree of life. Science, 300, 1698–1700.
- BENTON, M. J., TVERDOKHLEBOV, V. P. and SURKOV, M. V. 2004. Ecosystem remodelling among vertebrates at the Permian–Triassic boundary in Russia. Nature, 432, 97–100.
- BENTON, M. J., WILLS, M. A. and HITCHIN, R. 2000. Quality of the fossil record through time. Nature, 403, 534–537.
- BROWN, J. H. 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 269 pp.
- CADLE, J. E. and GREENE, H. W. 1993. Phylogenetic patterns, biogeography, and the ecological structure of neotropical snake assemblages. In RICKLEFS, R. E. and SCHLUTER, D. (eds). Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 414 pp.
- CARR, T. R. and KITCHELL, J. A. 1980. Dynamics of taxonomic diversity. Paleobiology, 6, 427–443.
- CAVENDER-BARES, J., ACKERLY, D. D., BAUM, D. A. and BAZZAZ, F. A. 2004. Phylogenetic overdispersion in Floridian oak communities. American Naturalist, 163, 823–843.
- CLARK, J. S. and McLACHLAN, J. S. 2003. Stability of forest biodiversity. Nature, 423, 635–638.
- COOPE, G. R. 1995. Insect faunas in Ice Age environments: why so little extinction? In LAWTON, J. H. and MAY, R. M. (eds). Extinction rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 248 pp.
- COOPE, G. R. 2004. Several million years of stability among insect species because of, or in spite of, Ice Age climatic instability? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 359, 209–214.
- DARWIN, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London, 432 pp.
- DONOGHUE, M. J. 2005. Key innovations, convergence, and success: macroevolutionary lessons from plant phylogeny. Paleobiology, 31, 77–93.
- DONOGHUE, P. C. J. and PURNELL, M. A. 2005. Genome duplication, extinction and vertebrate evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 312–319.
- ELDREDGE, N. and GOULD, S. J. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. 82–115. In SCHOPF, T. J. M. (ed.). Models of paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper, San Francisco, CA, 250 pp.
- ELIAS, S. A. 2000. Climatic tolerances and zoogeography of the late Pleistocene beetle fauna of Beringia. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 54, 143–155.
- ELIAS, S. A. and MATTHEWS, J. V. Jr 2002. Arctic North American seasonal temperatures from the latest Miocene to the Early Pleistocene, based on mutual climatic range analysis of fossil beetle assemblages. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 911–920.
- EMERSON, B. C. 2002. Evolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and process. Molecular Ecology, 11, 951–966.
- EMERSON, B. C. and HEWITT, G. M. 2005. Phylogeography. Current Biology, 15, R367–R371.
- EMERSON, B. C. and KOLM, N. 2005. Species diversity can drive speciation. Nature, 434, 1015–1017.
- EMERSON, B. C. and OROMÍ, P. 2005. Diversification of the forest beetle genus Tarphius on the Canary Islands, and the evolutionary origins of island endemics. Evolution, 59, 586–598.
- ERWIN, D. H. 2005. Seeds of diversity. Science, 308, 1752–1753.
- FARA, E. 2002. Sea level variations and the quality of the continental fossil record. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 159, 489–491.
- FARGIONE, J., BROWN, C. S. and TILMAN, D. 2003. Community assembly and invasion: an experimental test of neurtal versus niche processes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 8916–8920.
- FOOTE, M. 2003. Origination and extinction through the Phanerozoic: a new approach. Journal of Geology, 111, 125–148.
- FOREY, P. L., FORTEY, R. A., KENDRICK, P. and SMITH, A. B. 2004. Taxonomy and fossils: a critical appraisal. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 359, 639–653.
- GILLESPIE, R. G. 2004. Community assembly through adaptive radiation in Hawaiian spiders. Science, 303, 356–359.
- GODRON, M. 1971. Comparison of a species area curve with its model. Oecologia Plantarum, 6, 189–196.
- GOTELLI, N. J. and McCABE, D. J. 2002. Species co-occurrence: a meta-analysis of J. M. Diamond's assembly rules model. Ecology, 83, 2091–2096.
- GRAHAM, R. W., LUNDELIUS, E. L., GRAHAM, M. A., SCHROEDER, E. K., TOOMEY, R. S., ANDERSON, E., BARNOSKY, A. D. and AL, E. 1996. Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science, 272, 1601–1606.
- GRANT, P. R. and GRANT, B. R. 2006. Evolution of character displacement in Darwin's Finches. Science, 313, 224–313.
- HEWITT, G. M. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature, 405, 907–913.
- HEWITT, G. M. 2004. Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 359, 183–195.
- HEWZULLA, D., BOULTER, M. C., BENTON, M. J. and HALLEY, J. M. 1997. Evolutionary patterns from mass originations and mass extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 354, 463–469.
- HOFFMAN, A. 1985. Biotic diversification in the Phanerozoic: diversity independence. Palaeontology, 28, 387–391.
- HOLLAND, P. W. H. 1999. The effect of gene duplication on homology. 226–242. In BOCK, G. R. and CARDEW, G. (eds). Homology. Wiley, Chichester, 256 pp.
- HOLMAN, J. A. 1993. British Quaternary herpetofaunas: a history of adaptations to Pleistocene disruptions. Herpetological Journal, 3, 1–7.
- HUBBELL, S. P. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science, 203, 1299–1309.
- HUBBELL, S. P. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 448 pp.
- HUTCHINSON, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalina, or why are there so many kinds of animals? American Naturalist, 93, 145–159.
- JABLONSKI, D., ROY, J. W., VALENTINE, J. W., PRICE, R. M. and ANDERSON, P. S. 2003. The impact of the pull of the recent on the history of bivalve diversity. Science, 300, 1133–1135.
- JACKSON, S. T. and OVERPECK, J. T. 2000. Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary. Paleobiology, 26, 194–220.
- KINGMAN, J. F. C. 1982a. On the genealogy of large populations. Journal of Applied Probability, 19A, 27–43.
- KINGMAN, J. F. C. 1982b. The coalsecent. Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 13, 235–248.
- LABANDEIRA, C. C. and SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1993. Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science, 261, 310–315.
- LANE, A. and BENTON, M. J. 2003. Taxonomic level as a determinant of the shape of the Phanerozoic marine biodiversity curve. American Naturalist, 162, 265–276.
- LATHAM, R. E. and RICKLEFS, R. E. 1993. Global patterns in diversity in mangrove floras. 294–314. In RICKLEFS, R. E. and SCHLUTER, D. (eds). Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 414 pp.
- LEVINTON, J. S. 1979. A theory of diversity equilibrium and morphological evolution. Science, 204, 335–336.
- LOSOS, J. B., JACKMAN, T., LARSON, A., DE QUEIROZ, K. and ROGRIQUEZ-SCHETTINO, L. 1998. Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science, 279, 2115–2118.
- LUNDIN, L.-G. 1999. Gene duplication in early metazoan evolution. Cell Development and Biology, 10, 523–530.
- LYNCH, M. and CONNERY, J. S. 2000. The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes. Science, 290, 1151–1155.
- LYNCH, M. and FORCE, A. G. 2000. The origin of interspecific genomic incompatibility via gene duplication. American Naturalist, 156, 590–605.
- MacARTHUR, R. H. 1972. Geographical ecology. Harper and Rowe, New York, NY, 288 pp.
- MacARTHUR, R. H. and WILSON, E. O. 1963. An equlilbrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373–387.
- MacARTHUR, R. H. and WILSON, E. O. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 224 pp.
- MAY, R. M. 1990. How many species? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 330, 293–304.
- McGILL, B. J. 2003. A test of the unified theory of biodiversity. Nature, 422, 881–885.
- MELVILLE, J., HARMON, L. L. and LOSOS, J. B. 2005. Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 273, 557–563.
- MEYER, A. and SCHARTL, M. 1999. Gene and genome duplication in vertebrates: the one to four (-to-eight in fish) rule and the evolution of novel gene functions. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 11, 699–704.
- MILLER, A. I. and SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1988. Modeling bivalve diversification: the effect of interaction on a macroevolutionary system. Paleobiology, 14, 364–369.
- NEWELL, N. G. 1952. Periodicity in invertebrate evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 371–385.
- NIKLAS, K. J., TIFFNEY, B. H. and KNOLL, A. H. 1985. Patterns in vascular land plant diversification: a factor analysis at the species level. 97–128. In VALENTINE, J. W. (ed.). Phanerozoic diversity patterns. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 441 pp.
- NOSIL, P. and CRESPI, B. J. 2006. Experimental evidence that predation promotes divergence in adaptive radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 103, 9090–9095.
- OHNO, S. 1970. Evolution by gene duplication. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 160 pp.
- OSBORN, T. C. 2002. Understanding mechanisms of novel gene expression in polyploids. Trends in Genetics, 19, 141–147.
- PATEL, N. H. and PRINCE, V. E. 2000. Beyond the Hox complex. Genome Biology, 1, 1027.1–1027.4.
- PETERS, S. E. 2005. Geologic constraints on the macroevolutionary history of marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102, 12,326–12,331.
- PETERS, S. E. and FOOTE, M. 2002. Determinants of extinction in the fossil record. Nature, 416, 420–424.
- PIANKA, E. R. 1986. Ecology and natural history of desert lizards. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 222 pp.
- RAMSAY, J. and SCHEMSKE, D. W. 2002. Neopolyploidy in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 589–639.
- RAUP, D. M. 1972. Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic. Science, 231, 1065–1071.
- RAVEN, P. H., EVERT, R. F. and EICHHORN, S. E. 2004. Biology of plants. Seventh edition. Worth Publishers, New York, NY, 680 pp.
- REILLE, M., ANDRIEU, V., DE BEAULIEU, J.-L., GUENET, P. and GOEURY, C. 1998. A long pollen core from Lac du Bouchet, Massif Central, France: for the period ca. 325–100 ka BP (OIS9c to OIS5e). Quaternary Science Reviews, 17, 1107–1123.
- RIBERA, I. and VOGLER, A. P. 2004. Speciation of Iberian diving beetles in Pleistocene refugia (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Molecular Ecology, 13, 519–531.
- RICKLEFS, R. E. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science, 235, 167–171.
- ROSENZWEIG, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in time and space. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 436 pp.
- ROSENZWEIG, M. L. 2001. Loss of speciation rate will impoverish future diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 98, 5404–5410.
- ROY, K., JABLONSKI, D. and VALENTINE, J. W. 1996. Higher taxa in biodiversity studies: patterns from Eastern Pacific marine molluscs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 351, 1605–1613.
- SCHEINER, S. M. 2003. Six types of species area curves. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 441–447.
- SCHLUTER, D. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 228 pp.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1978. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. I. Analysis of marine orders. Paleobiology, 4, 223–251.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1979. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. II. Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria. Paleobiology, 5, 222–251.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1984. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions. Paleobiology, 7, 36–53.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1996a. Competition in macroevolution: the double wedge revisited. In JABLONSKI, D., ERWIN, D. H. and LIPPS, J. H. (eds). Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 492 pp.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1996b. Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: a perspective from global data bases. 35–51. In WALLISER, O. H. (ed.). Global events and event stratigraphy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 333 pp.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1996c. Phylogenetic and ecologic patterns in the Phanerozoic history of marine biodiversity. 211–255. In JABLONSKI, D., ERWIN, D. H. and LIPPS, J. H. (eds). Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 492 pp.
- SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr BAMBACH, R. K., RAUP, D. M. and VALENTINE, J. W. 1981. Phanerozoic marine diversity and the fossil record. Nature, 293, 435–437.
- SIDOW, A. 1996. Genome duplications in the evolution of early vertebrates. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 6, 715–722.
- SIGNOR, P. W. 1985. Real and apparent trends in species richness through time. In VALENTINE, J. W. (ed.). Phanerozoic diversity patterns: profiles in macroevolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 441 pp.
- SILVERTOWN, J., DODD, M. E., GOWING, D. and MOUNTFORD, O. 1999. Hydrologically-defined niches reveal a basis for species-richness in plant communities. Nature, 400, 61–63.
- SILVERTOWN, J., McCONWAY, K., GOWING, D., DODD, M., FAY, M. F., JOSEPH, J. A. and DOLPHIN, K. 2006. Absence of phylogenetic signal in the niche structure of meadow plant communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 273, 39–44.
- SMITH, A. B. 2001. Large-scale heterogeneity of the fossil record, implications for Phanerozoic biodiversity studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 356, 1–17.
- STAUFFER, B. 1999. Cornucopia of ice core results. Nature, 399, 412–413.
- STENSETH, N. C. and MAYNARD SMITH, J. 1984. Coevolution in ecosystems: Red Queen evolution or stasis? Evolution, 38, 870–880.
- STRONG, D. R., THISTLE, A. B. and SIMBERLOFF, D. 1984. Ecological communities: conceptual issues and evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 613 pp.
- TAYLOR, J. S., VAN DE PEER, Y. and MEYER, A. 2001. Genome duplication, divergent resolution and speciation. Trends in Genetics, 17, 299–301.
- THOMAS, C. D. E. A. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, 427, 145–148.
- TOKESHI, M. 1999. Species coexistence: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Blackwell, Oxford, 444 pp.
- TURGEON, J., STOKS, R., THUM, R. A., BROWN, J. M. and McPEEK, M. A. 2005. Simultaneous Quaternary radiations of three damselfly clades across the Holarctic. American Naturalist, 165, E78–E107.
- VALENTINE, J. W. 1969. Patterns of taxonomic and ecological structure of the shelf benthos during Phanerozoic times. Palaeontology, 12, 684–709.
- VALENTINE, J. W. 1970. How many invertebrate fossil species? A new approximation. Journal of Paleontology, 44, 410–415.
- VITT, L. J. and PIANKA, E. R. 2005. Deep history impacts present-day ecology and biodiversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102, 7877–7881.
- WALKER, T. D. and VALENTINE, J. W. 1984. Equilibrium models of evolutionary species diversity and the number of empty niches. American Naturalist, 124, 887–899.
- WEBB, C. O. 2000. Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. American Naturalist, 156, 145–155.
- WEBB, C. O., ACKERLY, D. D., McPEEK, M. A. and DONOGHUE, M. J. 2002. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, 475–505.
- WIENS, J. A. 1991. Ecological similarity of shrub desert avifaunas of Australia and North America. Ecology, 72, 479–495.
- WIGNALL, P. and BENTON, M. J. 1999. Lazarus taxa and fossil abundance at times of biotic crisis. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 453–456.
- WILSON, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 424 pp.
- WINEMILLER, K. O. and PIANKA, E. R. 1990. Organization in natural assemblages of desert lizards and tropical fishes. Ecological Monographs, 60, 27–56.