Article: Biochronological relationships of the earliest South American Paleogene mammalian faunas
Publication: Palaeontology
Volume:
52
Part:
1
Publication Date:
January
2009
Page(s):
251
–
269
Author(s):
Javier N. Gelfo, Francisco J. Goin, Michael O. Woodburne and Christian de Muizon
References
- ANANTHARAMAN, S. and DAS SARMA, C. 1997. Palaeontological studies on the search of micromammals in the infra and intertrappean sediments of Karnataka. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 130, 239–240.
- ANDREIS, R., MAZZONI, M. and SPALLETTI, L. 1975. Estudio estratigráfico y paleoambiental de las sedimentitas terciarias entre Pico Salamanca y Bahía Bustamante, Provincia de Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 30 (1), 85–103.
- BERGGREN, W. A., KENT, D. V., SWISHER, C. C. and AUBRY, M. 1995. A Revised Cenozoic Geochronology and Chronostratigraphy. 129–212. In BERGGREN, W. A., KENT, D. V., SWISHER, C. C., AUBRY, M. and HARDENBOL, J. (eds). Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation. SEPM Special Publication, 54, 594 pp
- BERTELS, A. 1975a. Bioestratigrafía del Paleoceno marino en la provincia del Chubut, República Argentina. Actas I Congreso Argentino de Bioestratigrafía y Paleontología, Tucumán, 1974.
- BERTELS, A. 1975b. Biostratigrafia del Paleogeno en la Republica Argentina. Revista Española de Micropaleontologia, Madrid, 7 (3), 429–450.
- BERTINI, R. J., MARSHALL, L. G., GAYET, M. and BRITO, P. M. 1993. The vertebrate fauna of the Adamantina and Marília formations, Upper Cretaceous of the Paraná Basin, southeast Brazil. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 188, 71–101.
- BONAPARTE, J. F. 2002. New Dryolestida (Theria) from the Late Cretaceous of Los Alamitos, Argentina, and paleogeographical comments. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 244, 339–371.
- BONAPARTE, J. F. and MORALES, J. 1997. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno Inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geológicos, 53, 183–286.
- BONAPARTE, J. F., Van VALEN, L. and KRAMARZ, L. 1993. La Fauna Local de Punta Peligro. Paleoceno inferior de la provincia de Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Evolutionary Monograph, 14, 1–61.
- BOND, M., CARLINI, A. A., GOIN, F. J., LEGARRETA, L., ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E., PASCUAL, R. and ULIANA, M. A. 1995. Episodes in South American land mammal evolution and sedimentation: testing their apparent concurrence in a Paleocene succession from central Patagonia. Actas VI Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, Trelew, Argentina, 47–58.
- BOND, M., LÓPEZ, G. M. and REGUERO, M. A. 2002. El valor bioestratigráfico de los Ungulados registrados en el Eoceno de Paso del Sapo, Chubut. Ameghiniana Suplemento, 39 (4), 6R–7R.
- CANDE, S. C. and KENT, D. V. 1992. A New Geomagnetic polarity Time Scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97 B10, 13.917–13.951.
- CANDE, S. C. and KENT, D. V. 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, B4, 6093–6095.
- CANDEIRO, C. R. A., MARTINELLI, A. G., AVILLA, L. S. and RICH, T. H. 2006. Tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian–Maastrichtian) Bauru Group of Brazil. Cretaceous Research, 27, 923–946.
- CASE, J., GOIN, F. J. and WOODBURNE, M. 2005. South American marsupials in the Late Cretaceous of North America and the Origin of Marsupial Cohorts. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12 (3–4), 461–494.
- CHEETHAM, A. H. and HAZEL, J. E. 1969. Binary (presence–absence) similarity indices. Journal of Paleontology, 43, 1130–1136.
- CHORNOGUBSKY, L. 2003. Revisión preliminar de los mamíferos de la formación Los Alamitos (Campaniano-Maastrichtiano, provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Tésis de Grado, 159 pp.
- CIFELLI, R. L. 1985. Biostratigraphy of the Casamayoran, Early Eocene of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates, 2820, 1–26.
- CIFELLI, R. L., EBERLE, J. J., LOFGREN, D. L., LILLEGRAVEN, J. A. and CLEMENS, W. A. 2004. Mammalian Biochronology of the Latest Cretaceous in North America. 21–42. In WOODBURNE, M. O. (ed.). Cenozoic mammals of North America. University of California Press, California, xix + 391 pp.
- FLYNN, J. J. and SWISHER, C. C. III 1995. Cenozoic South American land mammal ages: correlation to global geochronologies. In BERGGREN, W. A., KENT, D. V., AUBRY, M.-P. and HARDENBOL, J. (eds). Geochronology, time-scales and global stratigraphic correlation: a unified framework for an historical geology. Society of Stratigraphic Geology, Special Publication, 54, 317–333.
- FORTELIUS, M., GIONIS, A., JERNVALL, J. and MANNILA, H. 2006. Spectral ordering and biochronology of European fossil mammals. Paleobiology, 32 (2), 206–214.
- GAYET, M., MARSHALL, L. G., MEUNIER, F., CAPPETA, H. and RAGE, J. 2001. Middle masstrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, paleoecologic and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography Paaleoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 169, 39–68.
- GAYET, M., MARSHALL, L. G. and SEMPERE, T. 1991. The Mesozoic and Paleocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review. In SUAREZ-SORUCO, R. (ed.). Fosiles y facies de Bolivia 1 Vertebrados. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales de Bolivia, 12 (3–4), 393–433.
- GELFO, J. N. 1999. New aspects of the Paleocene genus Escribania (Mammalia: Condylarthra). Ameghiniana Suplemento, 36 (4), 12R.
- GELFO, J. N. 2004. A new South American mioclaenid (Mammalia Ungulatomotpha) from the Tertiary of Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 41 (3), 475–484.
- GELFO, J. N. 2006. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomporpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistemática, origen y evolución. Unpublished PhD thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, 884, 455 pp.
- GELFO, J. N. 2007. The ‘Condylarth’Raulvaccia peligrensis (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27 (3), 651–660.
- GELFO, J. N., LÓPEZ, G. M. and BOND, M. 2008. A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology, 82 (2), 329–335.
- GELFO, J. N. and PASCUAL, R. 2001. Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia, Dryolestida) from the Early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation. Geodiversitas, 23, 369–379.
- GOIN, F. J., PASCUAL, R., RTEJEDOR, M., GELFO, J. N., WOODBURNE, M., CASE, J., REGUERO, M., BOND, M., CIONE, A., UDRIZAR SAUTHIER, D., BALARINO, L., SCASSO, R., MEDINA, F. A and UBALDÓN, M. C. 2006a. The earliest Tertiary therian mamal from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(2), 505–510.
- GOIN, F. J., REGUERO, M. A., PASCUAL, R., VON KOENIGSWALD, W., WOODBURNE, M., CASE, J. A., MARENSSI, S. A., VIEYTES, C. and VIZCAÍNO, S. 2006b. First gondwanatherian mammal from Antarctica. 135–144. In FRANCIS, J. E., PIRRIE, D. and CRAME, J. A. (eds). Cretaceous – tertiary high-latitude palaeoenvironments, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 258, 206 pp.
- GOIN, F. J., TEJEDOR, M. F. and ABELLO, A. 2001. Conclusiones preliminares sobre la asociación de marsupiales paleógenos de Laguna Giordanella (Paso del Sapo, Chubut, Argentina; Eoceno medio?). Ameghiniana Suplemento, 38 (4), 9R–10R.
- GOIN, F. J., VIEYTES, E. C., VUCETICH, M. G., CARLINI, A. A. and BOND, M. 2004. Enigmatic Mammal from the Paleogene of Perú. 145–154. In CAMPBELL, K. E (ed.) The Paleogene mammalian fauna Of Santa Rosa, Amazonian Perú. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, Sciences Series 40, 163 pp.
- GOLOBOFF, P. A., FARRIS, J. S. and NIXON, K. 2003. Tree Analysis Using New Technology Version 1.0 ã. Available from the authors and from http://www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny
- GRAMBAST, L., MARTINEZ, M., MATTAUER, M. and THALER, L. 1967. Perutherium altiplanense nov. gen., nov. sp., premier mammifère mésozoïque d’Amérique du Sud. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, D, 264, 707–710.
- HAQ, B. U., HARDENBOL, J. and VAIL, P. R 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, 235, 1156–1167.
- IGLESIAS, A., WILF, P., JOHNSON, K., ZAMUNER, A., CÚNEO, N. R and MATHEOS, S. D. 2007. A Paleocene lowland macroflora from Patagonia reveals significantly greater richness than North American analogs. Geology, 35 (10), 947–950.
- KAY, R. F., MADDEN, R. H., VUCETICH, M. G., CARLINI, A. A., MAZZONI, M. M., RE, G. H., HEIZLER, M. and SANDEMAN, H. 1999. Revised geochronology of the Casamayoran South American Land Mammal Age: climatic and biotic implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13235–13240.
- KRAUSE, D., GOTTFRIED, M. D., O’CONNOR, P. M. and ROBERTS, E. M. 2003. A Cretaceous mammal from Tanzania. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 48 (3), 321–330.
- KRAUSE, D., PRASAD, G., KOENIGSWALD, W., VON SAHNI, A. and GRINE, F. 1997. Cosmopolitanism among Late Cretaceous mammals. Nature, 390, 504–507.
- LEGARRETA, L. and ULIANA, M. 1994. Asociación de fósiles y hiatos en el Supracretácico-Neógeno de la Patagonia: una perspectiva estratigráfico-secuencial. Ameghiniana, 31 (3), 257–281.
- LOFGREN, D. L., LILLEGRAVEN, J. A. CLEMENS, W. A. GINGERICH, P. D. and WILLIAMSON, T. E. 2004. Paleocene biochronology: the Puercan through Clarkforkian land mammal ages. 43–105. In WOODBURNE, M. O. (ed.). Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America. Biostratigraphy and geochronology. Columbia University Press, New York. xix + 391 pp.
- LUTERBACHER, H., PALI, J. R., BRINKHUIS, H., GRADSTEIN, F. M., HOOKER, J. J., MONECHI, S., OGG, J. G., POWELL, J., RÖHL, U., SANFILIPPO, A. and SCHMITZ, B. 2004. The Paleogene Period. 384–408. In GRADSTEIN, F., OGG, J. and SMITH, A. (eds). A geologic time scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 610 pp.
- MAKOVICKY, P. J. 2007. Telling time from fossils: a phylogeny-based approach to chronological ordering of paleobiotas. Cladistics, 23, 1–22.
- MARKWICK, P. J. 1998. Fossil crocodilians as indicators of Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic climates: implications for using palaeontological data in reconstructing palaeoclimate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 137, 205–271.
- MARSHALL, L. G. 1982. Calibration of the Age of Mammals in South America. In BUFFETAUT, E., JANVIER, P., RAGE, J. C. and TASSY, P. (eds). Phylogénie et Paléobiogeógraphie. Geobios, Mémoire Special, 6, 427–437.
- MARSHALL, L. G. 1985. Geochronology and land-mammal biochronology of the transamerican faunal interchange. 49–85. In ATEHLI, F. G. D. and WEBB, S. (eds). The great American biotic interchange. Plenum press, New York, xviii + 532 pp.
- MARSHALL, L. G. 1989. The K-T boundary in South America: on which side is Tiupampa? National Geographic Research, 5, 268–270.
- MARSHALL, L. G., BUTLER, R., DRAKE, R. and CURTIS, G. 1981. Calibration of the Beginning of the age of mammals in Patagonia. Science, 212, 43–45.
- MARSHALL, L. G. and MUIZON, C. de 1988. The dawn of the age of mammals in South America. National Geographic Research, 4, 23–55.
- MARSHALL, L. G., MUIZON, DE C. and SIGÉ, B. 1983. Late Cretaceous mammals (Marsupialia) from Bolivia. Geobios, 16 (6), 739–745.
- MARSHALL, L. G., SEMPÈRE, T. and BUTLER, R. 1997. Chronostratigraphy of the Mammal-Bearing Paleocene of South America. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 10 (1), 49–70.
- MARSHALL, L. G. and SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL, D. 1995. Part I: The locality of Tiupampa: age, taphonomy and mammalian fauna. 11–20. In MUIZON, DE C. (ed.). Pucadelphys andinus (Marsupialia, Mammalia) from early Paleocene of Bolivia. Mémoires Muséum National d’ histoire Naturelle, 165, 164 pp.
- MARTINEZ, J. N. 1995. Biochronologie et methods de parcimonie. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 166 (5), 517–526.
- McCARTNEY, G. C. 1933. The bentonites and closely related rocks of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates, 630 (15), 1–16.
- MORRONE, J. J. 1994. On the identification of areas of endemism. Systematic Biology, 43, 438–441.
- MORRONE, J. J. 2001. A proposal concerning formal definitions of the Neotropical and Andean regions. Biogeographica, 77 (2), 65–82.
- MUIZON, C. de 1991. La fauna de mamíferos de Tiupampa (Paleoceno inferior, Formación Santa Lucía) Bolivia. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales de Bolivia, 12 (3–4), 575–624.
- MUIZON, C. DE 1998. Mayulestes ferox, a borhyaenoid (Metatheria, mammalia) from the early Paleocene of Bolivia. Phylogenetic and paleobiologic implications. Geodiversitas, 20 (1), 19–142.
- MUIZON, C. DE and BRITO, I. M. 1993. Le bassien calcaire de São José de Itaboraí (Rio de Janeiro, Brésil): ses relations fauniques avec le site de Tiupampa (Cochabamba, Bolivie). Annales de Paléontologie, 79 (3), 233–268.
- MUIZON, C. DE and CIFELLI, R. L. 2000. The ‘condylarths’ (archaic Ungulata, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia): implications on the origin of the South American ungulates. Geodiversitas, 22 (1), 47–150.
- MUIZON, C. DE, CIFELLI, R. L. and BERGQVIST, P. L. 1998. Eutherian tarsals from the early paleocene of Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (3), 655–663.
- MUIZON, C. DE, GAYET, M., LAVENU, A., MARSHALL, L. G., SIGÉ, B. and VILLARROEL, C. 1983. Late Cretaceous vertebrates including mammals from Tiupampa, southcentral Bolivia. Geobios, 16, 747–753.
- MUIZON, C. DE and MARSHALL, L. G. 1987. Deux nouveaux condylarthres (Mammalia) du Maastrichtien de Tiupampa (Bolivie). Comptes rendus des séances de l’académie des sciences. Série 2, 304 (15), 947–950.
- MUIZON, C. DE and MARSHALL, L. G. 1991. Nouveaux Condylarthres du paléocène inférieur de Tiupampa (Bolivie). Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la terre, paléontologie, géologie, minéralogie, 13, (3–4), 201–227.
- MUIZON, C. DE and MARSHALL, L. G. 1992. Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Mammalia: Pantodonta) from the early Paleocene of Bolivia: phylogenetic and paleobiogeographic implications. Journal of Paleontology, 66, 509–530.
- MUIZON, C. DE, MARSHALL, L. G. and SIGÉ, B. 1984. The mammal fauna of the El Molino Formation (Late Cretaceous–Maestrichtian) at Tiupampa southcentral Bolivia. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 6 (4), 327–351.
- ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E., BOND, M., CARLINI, A. A. and GOIN, F. J. 2007. Relaciones de similitud de las faunas de mamíferos continentales de Amétrica del Sur durante el Cretácico Superior–Paleógeno (‘Edades-mamífero’ Alamitense-Deseadense). XXIII Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología. Libro de Resúmenes, 1, 171–172.
- ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E., CLADERA, G. and GIALOMBARDO, A. 1999. Relaciones de similitud entre las faunas del lapso Cretacico Superior-Paleoceno Superior en América del Sur. Temas Geológicos Mineros ITGE, 26, 280–283.
- ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. and PASCUAL, R. 1989. South American land-mammal faunas during the Cretaceous–Tertiary transition: evolutionary biogeography. Contribuciones de los simposios sobre el Cretácico de América Latina, Parte A: Eventos y registro sedimentario A231–A251.
- ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. and POSADAS, P. 1999. Desde el Cretácico Tardío hasta la actualidad: Los cambios composicionales en la fauna de mamíferos de América del Sur a la luz del PAE (Parsimony Análisis of Endemicity). II Reunión Argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía, Buenos Aires, 22 pp.
- PASCUAL, R., ARCHER, M., ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E., PRADO, J. L., GODTHELP, H. and HAND, S. J. 1992. First discovery of monotrenes in South America. Nature, 356, 704–706.
- PASCUAL, R., BOND, M. and VUCETICH, M. G. 1981. El Subgrupo Santa Bárbara (Grupo Salta) y sus vertebrados, cronología, paleoambientes y paleobiogeografía. Actas 8th Congreso Geológico Argentino, 3, 743–778.
- PASCUAL, R., GOIN, F. J., KRAUSE, D. W., ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. and CARLINI, A. A. 1999. The first gnathic remains of Sudamerica: implications for gondwanathere relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12, 373–382.
- PASCUAL, R. and ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. 1990. Evolving climates and mammal faunas in Cenozoic South America. Journal of Human Evolution, 19, 23–60.
- PASCUAL, R. and ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. 1991. El Ciclo Faunístico Cochabambiano (Paleoceno temprano): su incidencia en la historia biogeográfica de los mamíferos neotropicales. In SUÁREZ SORUCO, R. (ed.). Fósiles y Facies de Bolivia I: vertebrados. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, 12, 559–574.
- PASCUAL, R. and ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. 1992. Evolutionary pattern of land mammal faunas during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene in South America: a comparison with the North American pattern. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 28 (3–4), 245–252.
- PASCUAL, R. and ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. 2007. The Gondwanan and South American episodes: two major and unrelated moments in the history of the South American mammals. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 14 (2), 75–137.
- PASCUAL, R., ORTIZ-JAUREGUIZAR, E. and PRADO, J. L. 1996. Land-mammals: paradigm for Cenozoic South American geobiotic evolution. In ARRATIA, G. (ed.). Contributions of Southern South America to vertebrate paleontology. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 30 (A), 265–319.
- PASCUAL, R., VUCETICH, M. G. and FERNÁNDEZ, J. 1978. Los primeros mamíferos (Notoungulata, Henricosborniidae) de la Formación Mealla (Grupo Salta,Subgrupo Santa Bárbara). Sus implicancias filogenéticas, taxonómicas y cronológicas. Ameghiniana, 15, (3–4), 366–390.
- PAULA COUTO, C. 1952. Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Condylarthra, Litoptema, Xenungulata and Astrapotheria. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, 99, 355–394.
- PIANKA, E. R. 2000. Evolutionary ecology, Sixth edition. Benjamin-Cummings, Addison-Wesley-Longman, San Francisco, CA, 528 pp.
- PORZECANSKI, A. L. and CRACRAFT, J. 2005. Cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism (CADE): using raw distributions of birds to unravel the biogeography of the South American aridlands. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 261–275.
- REGUERO, M. A., MARENSSI, S. A. and SANTILLANA, S. N. 2002. Antarctic Peninsula and South America (Patagonia) Paleogene terrestrial faunas and environments: biogeographic relationships. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 179, 189–210.
- RICCOMINI, C. and RODRIGUES-FRANCISCO, B. H. 1992. Idade potássio-argônio do derrame de ankaramito da Bacia de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: implicações tectônicas. Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 37, 469–470.
- RIGBY, J. K. and WOLBERG, D. L. 1987. The therian mammalian fauna (Campanian) of Quarry 1, Fossil Forest study area, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 209, 51–79.
- ROHLF, F. J. 1977. Computational efficiency of agglomerative clustering algorithms. IBM Watson Research Center, 6831, 36 pp.
- ROSEN, B. R. 1988. From fossils to earth history: applied historical biogeography. 437–481. In MYERS, A. A. and GILLER, P. S. (eds). Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions. Chapman and Hall, London, England. 584 pp.
- RUGGIERO, A. and KITZBERGER, T. 2004. Environmental correlates of mammal species richness in South America: effects of spatial structure, taxonomy and geographic range. Ecography, 27, 401–416.
- Sant’ANNA, L. G. and RICCOMINI, C. 2001. Cimentação hidrotermal em depósitos paleogênicos do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil: mineralogia e relações tectônicas. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 31(2), 231–240.
- SEMPERE, T., BUTLER, R. F., RICHARDS, D. R., MARSHALL, L. G., SHARP, W. and SWISHER, C. C. III 1997. Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous–lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 109, 709–727.
- SIGÉ, B. 1971. Les Didelphoidea de Laguna Umayo (formation Vilquechico, Crétacé supérieur, Pérou), et le peuplement marsupial d’Amérique du Sud. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 273, 2479–2481.
- SIGÉ, B., SEMPERE, T., BUTLER, R., MARSHALL, L. G. and CROCHET, J. Y. 2004. Age and stratigraphic reassessment of the fossil-bearing Laguna Umayo red mudstone unit, SE Peru, from regional stratigraphy, fossil record, and paleomagnetism. Geobios, 37, 771–794.
- SIMPSON, G. G. 1935a. Descriptions of the oldest know South American mammals from Río Chico formation. American Museum Novitates, 793, 1–25.
- SIMPSON, G. G. 1935b. Occurrence and relationship of the Río Chico fauna of Patagonia. American Museum Novitates, 818, 1–21.
- SIMPSON, G. G. 1948. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals in South America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 91, 1–232.
- SIMPSON, G. G. 1978. Early mammals in South America: fact, controversy, and mystery. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 122, 318–328.
- SNEATH, P. H. A. and SOKAL, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco. 573 pp.
- SOMOZA, R., CLADERA, G. and ARCHANGELSKY, S. 1995. Una nueva Tafoflora Paleocena de Chubut Patagonia. Su Edad y Ambiente de depositación. Actas del VI Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, Trelew, Argentina, 265–269.
- Van VALEN, L. 1988. Paleocene dinosaurs or Cretaceous ungulates in South America. Evolutionary Monographs, 10, 1–79.
- WESTERHOLD, T., ROHL, U., RAFFI, I., FORNACIARI, E., MONECHI, S., REALE, V., BOWLES, J. and EVANS, H. F. 2008. Astronomical calibration of the Paleocene time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 257(4), 377–403.
- WILSON, G. P., DAS SARMA, D. C. and ANANTHARAMAN, S. 2007. Late Cretaceous Sudamericid Gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(2), 521–531.
- WOODBURNE, M. O. 2004. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic mammals of North America: biostratigraphy and geochronology. Columbia University Press, New York. xix + 391 pp.
- WOODBURNE, M. O. 2006. Mammal ages. Stratigraphy, 3(4), 229–261.
- WOODBURNE, M. O. and CASE, J. A. 1996. Dispersal, vicariance, and the post-Gondwana Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary biogeography from South America to Australia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 3, 121–161.