Skip to content Skip to navigation

Article: The Lower Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite Calodiscus lobatus from Sweden: morphology, ontogeny and distribution

Publication: Palaeontology
Volume: 52
Part: 3
Publication Date: May 2009
Page(s): 491 539
Author(s): Peter Cederström, Per Ahlberg, Euan N. K. Clarkson, Carin H. Nilsson and Niklas Axheimer
Addition Information

How to Cite

CEDERSTRÖM, P., AHLBERG, P., CLARKSON, E. N. K., NILSSON, C. H., AXHEIMER, N. 2009. The Lower Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite Calodiscus lobatus from Sweden: morphology, ontogeny and distribution. Palaeontology52, 3, 491–539.

Online Version Hosted By

Wiley Online Library
Get Article: Wiley Online Library [Pay-to-View Access] |

References

  • AHLBERG, P. 1983. Redescription of a Lower Cambrian eodiscid trilobite from Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 63, 289–290.
  • AHLBERG, P. 1984a. A Lower Cambrian trilobite fauna from Jmtland, central Scandinavian Caledonides. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 105, 349–361.
  • AHLBERG, P. 1984b. Lower Cambrian trilobites from the Laisvall area, northern Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 105, 251–259.
  • AHLBERG, P. 1991. Trilobites in the Lower Cambrian of Scandinavia. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 113, 74–75.
  • AHLBERG, P., AXHEIMER, N. and CEDERSTRÖM, P. 2007. Lower Cambrian eodiscoid trilobites from Scandinavia and their implications for intercontinental correlation. p. 81. In LANDING, E. (ed.). Ediacaran–Ordovician of East Laurentia – S. W. Ford memorial volume. 12th International Conference of the Cambrian Chronostratigraphy Working Group. New York State Museum Bulletin, 510, 94 pp.
  • AHLBERG, P. and BERGSTRÖM, J. 1978. Lower Cambrian ptychopariid trilobites from Scandinavia. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Ca, 49, 1–41.
  • AHLBERG, P. and BERGSTRÖM, J. 1983. Lower Cambrian trilobites from southern Swedish Lapland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 104, 241–246.
  • AHLBERG, P. and BERGSTRÖM, J. 1993. The trilobite Calodiscus lobatus from the Lower Cambrian of Scania, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 115, 331–334.
  • AHLBERG, P., BERGSTRÖM, J. and JOHANSSON, J. 1986. Lower Cambrian olenellid trilobites from the Baltic Faunal Province. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 108, 39–56.
  • ÁLVARO, J. J., ELICKI, O., GEYER, G., RUSHTON, A. W. A. and SHERGOLD, J. H. 2003. Palaeogeographic controls on the Cambrian trilobite immigration and evolutionary patterns reported in the western Gondwana margin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 5–35.
  • ASKLUND, B. and THORSLUND, P. 1935. Fjllkedjerandens bergbyggnad i norra Jmtland och Ångermanland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, C, 382, 1–110.
  • AXHEIMER, N. 2006. The lower and middle Cambrian of Sweden: trilobites, biostratigraphy and intercontinental correlation. Litholund theses, 10, 1–21.
  • AXHEIMER, N., AHLBERG, P. and CEDERSTRÖM, P. 2007. A new lower Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite fauna from Swedish Lapland and its implications for intercontinental correlation. Geological Magazine, 144, 953–961.
  • BABCOCK, L. E. 1994. Systematics and phylogenetics of polymeroid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations (Middle Cambrian), North Greenland. Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, 169, 79–127.
  • BASSETT, M. G., OWENS, R. M. and RUSHTON, A. W. A. 1976. Lower Cambrian fossils from the Hell’s Mouth Grits, St Tudwal’s Peninsula, North Wales. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 132, 623–644.
  • BEECHER, C. E. 1895. The larval stages of trilobites. The American Geologist, 16, 166–197.
  • BENGTSON, S. 1980. Redescription of the Lower Cambrian Lapworthella cornu. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 102, 53–55.
  • BERGERON, J. N. 1899. Étude de quelques trilobites de Chine. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, Series 3, 27, 499–516.
  • BERGSTRÖM, J. 1973. Classification of olenellid trilobites and some Balto-Scandian species. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 53, 283–314.
  • BERGSTRÖM, J. 1992. The oldest arthropods and the origin of the Crustacea. Acta Zoologica, 73, 287–291.
  • BERGSTRÖM, J. and AHLBERG, P. 1981. Uppermost Lower Cambrian biostratigraphy in Scania, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 103, 193–214.
  • BERGSTRÖM, J. and GEE, D. G. 1985. The Cambrian in Scandinavia. 247–271. In GEE, D. G. and STURT, B. A. (eds). The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 1266 pp.
  • BERGSTRÖM, J. and HOU XIANGUANG 2005. Early Palaeozoic non-lamellipedian arthropods. 73–93. In KOENEMANN, S. and JENNER, R. A. (eds). Crustacea and arthropod relationships. Crustacean Issues, 16, 440 pp.
  • BLAKER, M. R. and PEEL, J. S. 1997. Lower Cambrian trilobites from North Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience, 35, 1–145.
  • BRONGNIART, A. 1822. Les Trilobites. 1–65. In BRONGNIART, A. and DESMAREST, A.-G. Histoire naturelle des crustacés fossiles, sous les rapports zoölogiques et géologiques. F.G. Lavrault, Paris, 154 pp.
  • BRUTON, D. L. and NAKREM, H. A. 2005. Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50, 441–448.
  • CHANG WENTANG 1966. On the classification of Redlichiacea, with description of new families and new genera. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 14, 135–184.
  • CISNE, J. L. 1975. Anatomy of Triarthrus and the relationships of the Trilobita. Fossils and Strata, 4, 45–63.
  • CLARKSON, E. N. K. 1998. Invertebrate palaeontology and evolution, 4th edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 452 pp.
  • CLARKSON, E. N. K. and ZHANG XIGUANG 1991. Ontogeny of the Carboniferous trilobite Paladin eichwaldi shunnerensis (King, 1914). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 277–295.
  • COTTON, T. J. and FORTEY, R. A. 2005. Comparative morphology and relationships of the Agnostida. 95–136. In KOENEMANN, S. and JENNER, R. A. (eds). Crustacea and arthropod relationships. Crustacean Issues, 16, 440 pp.
  • COWIE, J. W. 1971. The Cambrian of the North American arctic regions. 325–383. In HOLLAND, C. H. (ed.). Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the World. 1. Cambrian of the New World. Wiley-Interscience, London, 456 pp.
  • De MARINO, A. 1980. The upper Lower Cambrian strata south of Simrishamn, Scania, Sweden: a transgressive–regressive shift through a limestone sequence. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, C, 771, 1–22.
  • DIES ÁLVAREZ, M. E., GOZALO, R., AHLBERG, P. and CEDERSTRÖM, P. 2007. Bivalved arthropods (Bradoriida) from the lower–middle Cambrian transition of Scania, southern Sweden. 83–84. In LANDING, E. (ed.). Ediacaran–Ordovician of East Laurentia – S. W. Ford memorial volume. 12th International Conference of the Cambrian Chronostratigraphy Working Group. New York State Museum Bulletin, 510, 94 pp.
  • DYAR, G. H. 1890. The number of moults of lepidopterous larvae. Psyche, 5, 420–422.
  • EBBESTAD, J. O. R., AHLBERG, P. and HØYBERGET, M. 2003. Redescription of Holmia inusitata (Trilobita) from the Lower Cambrian of Scandinavia. Palaeontology, 46, 1039–1054.
  • ELICKI, O. 1994. Lower Cambrian carbonates from eastern Germany: palaeontology, stratigraphy and palaeogeography. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 191, 69–93.
  • ELICKI, O. 2005. The utility of late Early to Middle Cambrian small shelly fossils from the western Mediterranean. Geosciences Journal, 9, 161–171.
  • ELICKI, O. and SCHNEIDER, J. 1992. Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian/Botomian) shallow-marine carbonates of the Görlitz Synclinorium (Saxony/Germany). Facies, 26, 55–66.
  • ELICKI, O. and WOTTE, T. 2003. Cambroclaves from the Cambrian of Sardinia (Italy) and Germany: constraints for the architecture of western Gondwana and the palaeogeographical and palaeoecological potential of cambroclaves. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 55–71.
  • EMMONS, E. 1855. American geology, containing a statement of the principles of the science, with full illustrations of the characteristic American fossils. Volume 1. New York State Publisher, Albany, New York.
  • ERGALIEV, G. K. and POKROVSKAYA, M. V. 1977. Lower Cambrian trilobites of Malyi Karatau (southern Kazakhstan). Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Alma-Ata, 98 pp. [In Russian].
  • FLETCHER, T. P. 2003. Ovatoryctocara granulata: the key to a global Cambrian stage boundary and the correlation of the olenellid, redlichiid and paradoxidid realms. 73–102. In LANE, P. D., SIVETERDEREK. J. and FORTEY, R. A. (eds). Trilobites and their relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70, 397 pp.
  • FLETCHER, T. P. 2006. Bedrock geology of the Cape St. Mary′s Peninsula, southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of NTS map sheets 1M/1, 1N/4, 1L/6 and 1K/13). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John′s, Report, 06-02, 1–117.
  • FORTEY, R. A. 1990. Ontogeny, hypostome attachment and trilobite classification. Palaeontology, 33, 529–576.
  • FORTEY, R. A. and OWENS, R. M. 1991. A trilobite fauna from the highest Shineton Shales in Shropshire, and the correlation of the latest Tremadoc. Geological Magazine, 128, 437–464.
  • FORTEY, R. A. and OWENS, R. M. 1999. Feeding habits in trilobites. Palaeontology, 42, 429–465.
  • GEE, D. G., KARIS, L., KUMPULAINEN, R. and THELANDER, T. 1974. A summary of Caledonian front stratigraphy, northern Jmtland/southern Vsterbotten, central Swedish Caledonides. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 96, 389–397.
  • GEE, D. G., KUMPULAINEN, R. and THELANDER, T. 1978. The Tåsjön Décollement, central Swedish Caledonides. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, C, 742, 1–35.
  • GEYER, G. 1988. Agnostida aus dem höheren Unterkambrium und dem Mittelkambrium von Marokko. Teil 2: Eodiscina. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 177, 93–133.
  • GEYER, G. 2005. The base of a revised Middle Cambrian: are suitable concepts for a series boundary in reach? Geosciences Journal, 9, 81–99.
  • GEYER, G. and ELICKI, O. 1995. The Lower Cambrian trilobites from the Görlitz Synclinorium (Germany) – review and new results. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 69, 87–119.
  • GEYER, G. and LANDING, E. 1995. The Cambrian of the Moroccan Atlas regions. 7–46. In GEYER, G. and LANDING, E. (eds). Morocco ′95 – The Lower-Middle Cambrian standard of western Gondwana. Beringeria Special Issue, 2, 269 pp.
  • GEYER, G. and SHERGOLD, J. H. 2000. The quest for internationally recognized divisions of Cambrian time. Episodes, 23, 188–195.
  • HALL, J. 1847. Palaeontology: Volume 1. Containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower division of the New-York System. Natural history of New York, Albany. 338 pp.
  • HINZ, I. 1987. The Lower Cambrian microfauna of Comley and Rushton, Shropshire/England. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 198, 41–100.
  • HOU XIANGUANG and BERGSTRÖM, J. 1997. Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China. Fossils and Strata, 45, 1–116.
  • HOWELL, B. F. 1935. Cambrian and Ordovician trilobites from Hérault, southern France. Journal of Paleontology, 9, 222–238.
  • HU CHUNGHUNG 1971. Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of Lower Paleozoic Trilobita. Palaeontographica Americana, 7, 1–155.
  • HUGHES, N. C., MINELLI, A. and FUSCO, G. 2006. The ontogeny of trilobite segmentation; a comparative approach. Paleobiology, 32, 603–628.
  • HUNT, A. S. 1967. Growth, variation, and instar development of an agnostid trilobite. Journal of Paleontology, 41, 203–208.
  • HUPÉ, P. 1953. Contribution à l’étude du Cambrien inférieur et du Précambrien III de l’Anti-Atlas marocain. Notes et Mémoires de la Service Géologique du Maroc, 103, 1–402.
  • JAEKEL, O. 1909. Über die Agnostiden. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 61, 380–401.
  • JELL, P. A. 1974. Faunal provinces and possible planetary reconstruction of the Middle Cambrian. Journal of Geology, 82, 319–350.
  • JELL, P. A. 1975. Australian Middle Cambrian eodiscoids with a review of the superfamily. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 150, 1–97.
  • JELL, P. A. 2003. Phylogeny of early Cambrian trilobites. 45–57. In LANE, P. D., SIVETER, DEREK J. and FORTEY, R. A. (eds). Trilobites and their relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70, 397 pp.
  • KAESLER, R. L. (ed.) 1997. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part O. Arthropoda 1. Trilobita, Revised. Volume 1: Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas, xxiv+530 pp.
  • KAUTSKY, F. 1945. Die unterkambrische Fauna vom Aistjakk in Lappland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 67, 129–211.
  • KIÆR, J. 1917. The Lower Cambrian Holmia fauna at Tømten in Norway. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, I. Matematisk-naturvidenskapelig Klasse, 1916, 10, 1–140.
  • KOBAYASHI, T. 1939. On the agnostids (Part 1). Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section II, 5, 69–198.
  • KOBAYASHI, T. 1943. Brief notes on the eodiscids 1, their classification with a description of a new species and a new variety. Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, Tokyo, 19, 37–42.
  • KOBAYASHI, T. 1944. On the eodiscids. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Section II, 7, 1–74.
  • KOROBOV, M. N. 1980. Biostratigrafija i miomernye trilobity nižnego kembrija Mongolii [Biostratigraphy and miomerid trilobites from the Lower Cambrian of Mongolia]. The Joint Soviet-Mongolian Scientific-Research Geological Expedition, Transactions, 26, 5–108. [In Russian].
  • LANDING, E. 1992. Lower Cambrian of southeastern Newfoundland. Epeirogeny and Lazarus faunas, lithofacies-biofacies linkages, and the myth of a global chronostratigraphy. 283–309. In LIPPS, J. H. and SIGNOR, P. W. (eds). Origin and early evolution of the Metazoa. Plenum Press, New York and, London, 570 pp.
  • LANDING, E. and BARTOWSKI, K. E. 1996. Oldest shelly fossils from the Taconic allochthon and late Early Cambrian sea-levels in eastern Laurentia. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 741–761.
  • LERMONTOVA, E. V. 1940. Trilobita. 112–157. In VOLOGDIN, A. G. (ed.). Atlas of the Leading Forms of the Fossil Faunas of the USSR. 1, Cambrian. All–Union Scientific Research Institute (VSEGEI), State Publishing House of Geological Literature, Moscow and Leningrad, 193 pp. [In Russian].
  • LIEBERMAN, B. S. 2003. Biogeography of the Trilobita during the Cambrian radiation: Deducing geological processes from trilobite evolution. 59–72. In LANE, P. D., SIVETER, DEREK J. and FORTEY, R. A. (eds). Trilobites and their relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70, 397 pp.
  • LINNÆUS, C. 1751. Skånska resa, på höga öfwerhetens befallning förrttad år 1749. Med rön och anmrkingar uti oeconomien, naturalier, antiquiteter, seder, lefnadsstt. Lars Salvius, Stockholm, 468 pp.
  • LINNÆUS, C. 1768. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus & differentiis 3. Lars Salvius, Holmiae, 476 pp.
  • LOCHMAN, C. 1956. Stratigraphy, paleontology, and paleogeography of the Elliptocephala asaphoides strata in Cambridge and Hoosick Quadrangles, New York. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 67, 1331–1396.
  • MAJOR, H. and WINSNES, T. S. 1955. Cambrian and Ordovician fossils from Sørkapp Land, Spitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Skrifter, 106, 1–47.
  • MATTHEW, G. F. 1886. Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group continued. III. Descriptions of new genera and species (including a description of a new species of Solenopleura by J. F. Whiteaves). Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section 4, 3, 29–84.
  • McNAMARA, K. J. 1986. The role of heterochrony in the evolution of Cambrian trilobites. Biological Reviews, 61, 121–156.
  • McNAMARA, K. J., FENG YU and ZHOU ZHIYI 2003. Ontogeny and heterochrony in the oryctocephalid trilobite Arthricocephalus from the early Cambrian of China. 103–126. In LANE, P. D., SIVETER, DEREK J. and FORTEY, R. A. (eds). Trilobites and their relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70, 397 pp.
  • MCCOY, F. 1849. On the classification of some British fossil Crustacea, with notices of new forms in the University collection at Cambridge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2, 4, 161–179, 330–335, 392–414.
  • MINELLI, A., FUSCO, G. and HUGHES, N. C. 2003. Tagma and segment specifications in trilobites. 31–43. In LANE, P. D., SIVETER, DEREK J. and FORTEY, R. A. (eds). Trilobites and their relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70, 397 pp.
  • MOCZYDŁOWSKA, M. 1991. Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian and the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in southeastern Poland. Fossils and Strata, 29, 1–127.
  • MOCZYDŁOWSKA, M. 1996. Proterozoic and Cambrian successions in Upper Silesia: an Avalonian terrane in southern Poland. Geological Magazine, 134, 679–689.
  • MOCZYDŁOWSKA, M., JENSEN, S., EBBESTAD, J. O. R., BUDD, G. E. and MARTÍ-MUS, M. 2001. Biochronology of the autochthonous Lower Cambrian in the Laisvall–Storuman area, Swedish Caledonides. Geological Magazine, 138, 435–453.
  • MÜLLER, K. J. and WALOSSEK, D. 1987. Morphology, ontogeny, and life habit of Agnostus pisiformis from the Upper Cambrian of Sweden. Fossils and Strata, 19, 1–124.
  • NIELSEN, A. T. and SCHOVSBO, N. H. 2006. Cambrian to basal Ordovician lithostratigrapy in southern Scandinavia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 53, 47–92.
  • NORTH, F. K. 1971. The Cambrian of Canada and Alaska. 219–324. In HOLLAND, C. H. (ed.). Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of the World. 1. Cambrian of the New World. Wiley-Interscience, London, 456 pp.
  • RASETTI, F. 1952. Revision of the North American trilobites of the family Eodiscidae. Journal of Paleontology, 26, 434–451.
  • RASETTI, F. 1967. Lower and Middle Cambrian trilobite faunas from the Taconic sequence of New York. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 152, 1–111.
  • RAYMOND, P. E. 1913. On the genera Eodiscidae. Ottawa Naturalist, 27, 101–106.
  • RAYMOND, P. E. 1925. Some trilobites of the lower Middle Ordovician of eastern North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 67, 1–180.
  • ROBISON, R. A. 1972. Hypostoma of agnostid trilobites. Lethaia, 5, 239–248.
  • ROBISON, R. A. 1987. Superclass Trilobitomorpha. 221–241. In BOARDMAN, R. S., CHEETHAM, A. H. and ROWELL, A. J. (eds). Fossil invertebrates. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Palo Alto, California, 713 pp.
  • ROBISON, R. A., ROSOVA, A. V., ROWELL, A. J. and FLETCHER, T. P. 1977. Cambrian boundaries and divisions. Lethaia, 10, 275–262.
  • RUSHTON, A. W. A. 1966. The Cambrian trilobites from the Purley Shales of Warwickshire. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 120, 1–55.
  • SALTER, J. W. 1864. A monograph of the British trilobites from the Cambrian, Siluran and Devonian formations. Part 1. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society, 16, 1–80.
  • SHELDON, P. R. 1988. Trilobite size-frequency distributions, recognition of instars, and phyletic size changes. Lethaia, 21, 293–306.
  • SHERGOLD, J. H. 1991. Protaspid and early meraspid growth stages of the eodiscoid trilobite Pagetia ocellata Jell, and their implications for classification. Alcheringa, 15, 65–86.
  • SHERGOLD, J. H., LAURIE, J. R. and SUN XIAOWEN 1990. Classification and review of the trilobite order Agnostida Salter, 1864: an Australian perspective. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Report, 296, 1–93.
  • SHU DEGAN, GEYER, G., CHEN LING and ZHANG XINGLIANG 1995. Redlichiacean trilobites with preserved soft-parts from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna (South China). 203–241. In GEYER, G. and LANDING, E. (eds). Morocco ′95 – The Lower–Middle Cambrian standard of western Gondwana. Beringeria Special Issue, 2, 269 pp.
  • SIVETER, DAVID J., WALOSZEK, D. and WILLIAMS, M. 2003. An Early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England. 9–30. In LANE, P. D., SIVETER, DEREK J. and FORTEY, R. A. (eds). Trilobites and their relatives. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 70, 397 pp.
  • SKOVSTED, C. B. 2006. Small shelly fauna from the upper lower Cambrian Bastion and Ella Island formations, North-East Greenland. Journal of Paleontology, 80, 1087–1112.
  • SKOVSTED, C. B. and PEEL, J. S. 2007. Small shelly fossils from the argillaceous facies of the Lower Cambrian Forteau Formation of western Newfoundland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, 729–748.
  • STEIN, M., WALOSZEK, D. and MAAS, A. 2005. Oelandocaris oelandica and the stem lineage of Crustacea. 55–71. In KOENEMANN, S. and JENNER, R. A. (eds). Crustacea and arthropod relationships. Crustacean Issues, 16, 440 pp.
  • STUBBLEFIELD, C. J. 1926. Notes on the development of a trilobite, Shumardia pusilla (Sars). Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 36, 345–372.
  • STØRMER, L. 1942. Studies on trilobite morphology. Part II: The larval developement, the segmentation and the sutures, and their bearing on trilobite classification. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 21, 49–164.
  • SWINNERTON, H. H. 1915. Suggestions for a revised classification of trilobites. Geological Magazine, 52, 487–496, 538–545.
  • THEOKRITOFF, G. 1979. Early Cambrian provincialism and biogeographic boundaries in the North Atlantic region. Lethaia, 12, 281–295.
  • VIDAL, G. and NYSTUEN, J. P. 1990. Lower Cambrian acritarchs and the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary in southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 70, 191–222.
  • WAHLENBERG, G. 1818. Petrificata telluris. Nova Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 8, 1–116.
  • WALCH, J. E. I. 1771. Die Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen, Dritter Theil. Paul Jonathan Felstecker, Nürnberg, 235 pp.
  • WALCOTT, C. D. 1916. Cambrian geology and paleontology III, no, 5. Cambrian trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 64, 303–457.
  • WALOSSEK, D. and MÜLLER, K. J. 1990. Upper Cambrian stem-lineage crustaceans and their bearing upon the monophyletic origin of Crustacea and the position of Agnostus. Lethaia, 23, 409–427.
  • WESTERGÅRD, A. H. 1936. Paradoxides oelandicus beds of Öland, with the account of a diamond boring through the Cambrian at Mossberga. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, C, 394, 1–66.
  • WHITTINGTON, H. B. 1992. Fossils Illustrated. Volume 2: Trilobites. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 145 pp.
  • WIMAN, C. 1903. Studien über das Nordbaltische Silurgebiet. I. Olenellussandstein, Obolussandstein und Ceratopygeschiefer. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, 6, 12–76.
  • XIANG LIWEN 1963. Trilobita. 27–36. In Academy of Geological Sciences, Ministry of Geology (ed.). Handbook of index fossils of Qinling. Chinese Industrial Press, Beijing.
  • ZHANG WENTANG 1953. Some Lower Cambrian trilobites from western Hupei. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1, 121–149.
  • ZHANG WENTANG, LU YANHAO, ZHU ZHAOLING, QIAN YIYUAN, LIN HUANLING, ZHOU ZHIYI, ZHANG SENGUI and YUAN JINLIANG 1980. Cambrian trilobite faunas of southwestern China. Palaeontologica Sinica, New series B, 16, 1–497. [In Chinese with English summary].
  • ZHANG XIGUANG 1989. Ontogeny of an Early Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite from Henan, China. Lethaia, 22, 13–29.
  • ZHANG XIGUANG and CLARKSON E. N. K. 1993. Ontogeny of the eodiscid trilobite Shizhudiscus longquanensis from the Lower Cambrian of China. Palaeontology, 36, 785–806.
PalAss Go! URL: http://go.palass.org/5cu | Twitter: Share on Twitter | Facebook: Share on Facebook | Google+: Share on Google+