Origins of biodiversity

56 1 January 1 7 10.1111/pala.12012

BENTON, M. J. 2013. Origins of biodiversity. Palaeontology56, 1, 1–7.

Michael J. Benton Palaeontologists have always had something to say about the origins of biodiversity. However, until recently, most of what they had to say was somewhat speculative. Following the inspirational suggestions by Simpson in the 1940s, the American ‘paleobiological revolution’ of the 1970s encouraged palaeontologists to think numerically and in terms of hypothesis testing. What was lacking from that revolution was phylogeny, and this provides the basis of informative analyses that truly link deep time fossil data with molecular trees and extant taxa.
  • ALROY, J. 2010. Geographical, environmental and intrinsic biotic controls on Phanerozoic marine diversification. Palaeontology, 53, 1211–1235.
  • ALROY, J., KOCH, P. L. and ZACHOS, J. C. 2000. Global climate change and North American mammalian evolution. Paleobiology, 26, 259–288.
  • BARNOSKY, A. D. 2000. Distinguishing the effects of the Red Queen and Court Jester on Miocene mammal evolution in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 172–185.
  • BENTON, M. J. 1997. Models for the diversification of life. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 490–495.
  • BENTON, M. J. 2009. The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time. Science, 323, 728–732.
  • BENTON, M. J. and EMERSON, B. C. 2007. How did life become so diverse? The dynamics of diversification according to the fossil record and molecular phylogenetics. Palaeontology, 50, 23–40.
  • BOWLER, P. B. 1983. The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 312 pp.
  • CASEY, R. 1961. The stratigraphical palaeontology of the Lower Greensand. Palaeontology, 3, 487–621.
  • DARWIN, C. 1859. On the origin of species. Murray, London, 502 pp.
  • ELDREDGE, N. and GOULD, S. J. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. 82–115. In SCHOPF, T. J. M. (ed.). Models in paleobiology. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, 250 pp.
  • ERWIN, D. H. 2007. Disparity: morphological pattern and developmental context. Palaeontology, 50, 57–73.
  • FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. The American Naturalist, 125, 1–15.
  • FRIEDMAN, M. and SALLAN, L. C. 2012. Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: a Phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes. Palaeontology, 55, 707–742.
  • GOULD, S. J. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 501 pp.
  • GOULD, S. J. 1980. The promise of paleontology as a nomothetic, evolutionary discipline. Paleobiology, 6, 96–118.
  • GOULD, S. J. 1985. The paradox of the first tier: an agenda for paleobiology. Paleobiology, 11, 2–12.
  • GOULD, S. J. and LEWONTIN, R. C. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 205, 581–598.
  • HAECKEL, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Georg Reimer, Berlin, 462 pp.
  • HARLAND, W. B. 1983. Distribution maps of recent dinoflagellate cysts in bottom sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Palaeontology, 26, 321–387.
  • HARVEY, P. H. and PAGEL, M. D. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 239 pp.
  • HOFFMAN, A. 1985. Biotic diversification in the Phanerozoic: diversity independence. Palaeontology, 28, 387–391.
  • HULL, D. L. 1988. Science as a process: an evolutionary account of the social and conceptual development of science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 586 pp.
  • JANIS, C. M. 1989. A climatic explanation for patterns of evolutionary diversity in ungulate mammals. Palaeontology, 32, 463–481.
  • McGOWAN, A. J. and SMITH, A. B. 2007. Ammonoids across the Permian/Triassic boundary: a cladistic perspective. Palaeontology, 50, 573–590.
  • MILLER, A. I. 2009. The consensus that changed the paleobiological world. 365–382. In SEPKOSKI, D. and RUSE, M. (eds). The paleobiological revolution: essays on the growth of modern paleontology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 584 pp.
  • O’MEARA, B. C. 2012. Evolutionary inferences from phylogenies: a review of methods. Annual Reviews in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43, 267–285.
  • PAGEL, M. 1999. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature, 401, 877–884.
  • POLLY, P. D. 2001. Paleontology and the comparative method: ancestral node reconstructions versus observed node values. The American Naturalist, 157, 596–609.
  • PURVIS, A. 2008. Phylogenetic approaches to the study of extinction. Annual Reviews in Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39, 301–319.
  • PURVIS, A. and HECTOR, A. 2000. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature, 405, 212–219.
  • RAUP, D. M. 1962. Computer as aid in describing form in gastropod shells. Science, 138, 150–152.
  • RAUP, D. M. 1972. Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic. Science, 177, 1065–1071.
  • SEPKOSKI, D. 2012. Re-reading the fossil record: the growth of paleobiology as an evolutionary discipline. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 440 pp.
  • SEPKOSKI, D. and RUSE, M. (eds) 2009. The paleobiological revolution: essays on the growth of modern paleontology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 584 pp.
  • SEPKOSKI, J. J. Jr 1984. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions. Paleobiology, 10, 246–267.
  • SEPKOSKI, J. J. JR, BAMBACH, R. K., RAUP, D. M. and VALENTINE, J. W. 1981. Phanerozoic marine diversity and the fossil record. Nature, 293, 435–437.
  • SIMPSON, G. G. 1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. Columbia University Press, New York, 217 pp.
  • SMITH, A. B. and McGOWAN, A. J. 2007. The shape of the Phanerozoic marine palaeodiversity curve: how much can be predicted from the sedimentary rock record of Western Europe? Palaeontology, 50, 765–774.
  • SMITH, A. B. and PATTERSON, C. 1988. The influence of taxonomic method on the perception of patterns of evolution. Evolutionary Biology, 23, 127–216.
  • STADLER, T. 2011. Mammalian phylogeny reveals recent diversification rate shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 6187–6192.
  • THOMAS, G. H. and FRECKLETON, R. P. 2012. MOTMOT: models of trait macroevolution on trees. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 145–151.
  • VALENTINE, J. W. 1969. Patterns of taxonomic and ecological structure of the shelf benthos during Phanerozoic time. Palaeontology, 12, 684–709.
  • VALENTINE, J. W. and JABLONSKI, D. 2010. Origins of marine patterns of biodiversity: some correlates and applications. Palaeontology, 53, 1203–1210.
Wiley Online Library