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WANG, Y., EDWARDS, D., BASSETT, M., XU, H., XIAO, J., JIANG, Q., ZHANG, X. 2013. Enigmatic occurrence of Permian plant roots in Lower Silurian rocks, Guizhou Province, China. Palaeontology, 56, 4, 679–683.
Yi Wang, Dianne Edwards, Michael Bassett, Hong-He Xu, Jiafei Xiao, Qing Jiang and Xiaole Zhang Pinnatiramosus qianensis Geng, 1986, is a plant with a complex, extensive pinnate branching system and pitted tracheids, collected from marine Lower Silurian (Llandovery; c. 430 Ma) rocks in Guizhou Province, China. It challenges long-held theories on the origin and early evolution of vascular plants in the Silurian and Devonian. However, there is a hypothesis that the fossils were not syngenetic with the entombing rock, but were the rooting systems of much younger plants, probably of Permian age. New sections and collections of P. qianensis have been subjected to detailed analyses, which indicate that P. qianensis belongs to an early Permian (c. 285 Ma) rooting system growing down into lower Silurian rocks.- Boucot, A. J. 1975. Evolution and extinction rate controls. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 427 pp.
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- Edwards, D. 1990. Constraints on Silurian and Early Devonian phytogeographic analysis based on megafossils. In McKerrow, W. S. and Scotese, C. R. (eds). Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography. The Geological Society, London, Memoir, 12, 233–242.
- Edwards, D., Wang, Y., Bassett, M. G. and Li, C.-S. 2007. Pinnatiramosus qianensis from the marine Lower Silurian Xiushan Formation, Guizhou Province, China: the earliest vascular plant or a later rooting system? Palaios, 22, 153–163.
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- Liu, P. 1995. On the bauxite in Guizhou Province-V: the bauxite-bearing rock series in central Guizhou-southern Sichuan ore-forming zone. Guizhou Geology, 12, 185–203.
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