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A new interpretation is given of the genus Eucommiidites and further illustration of the type species E. troedssonii. E. delcourtii sp. nov. is erected for pollen observed in the micropyle and pollen chamber of a new Lower Cretaceous seed Spermatites pettensis sp. nov., which is also described. This new evidence is all believed to support the gymnospermous origin of Eucommiidites.

• Read more about Further interpretation of Eucommiidites Erdtman 1948

Selected fossil spores from coals and carbonaceous shales of Namurian age from the Southern Pennines area of England are described, and their stratigraphic ranges given with reference to the standard sequence of goniatite stages. The types of sediment in which the spores are found are recorded, and the apparent association of certain spore types with particular sediments is discussed. Two new series of fossil spores are proposed—Pseudocingulati and Membranati; two new genera—Secarisporites and Hymenospora—and twenty-seven new species are described and illustrated.

• Read more about Namurian plant spores from the Southern Pennines, England

The genus Slimoniphyllum is erected with Rodophyllum slimonianum Thomson as type species. A new description of the type species is largely based on a series of specimens in trie Garwood Collection. The ontogeny, variations, affinities, and distribution of Slimoniphyllum slimonianum are discussed.

• Read more about Slimoniphyllum, a new genus of Lower Carboniferous coral from Britain

Fragments of the lantern in a specimen of Pygaster trigeri Cotteau, from the Bathonian of France, show that previous hypotheses of the relationships of Pygaster need to be reconsidered. The action of Durham and Melville (1957) in establishing a separate order for the Pygasteridae is held to be justified.

• Read more about Dentition and relationships of the echinoid genus Pygaster J. L. R. Agassiz, 1836

The author has in his collection some uncrushed antiarch material which is very beautifully preserved. This has enabled him to determine the shape of Bothriolepis with real certainty, and to describe the muscle insertions on the helmet process, and thus interpret their function. The material also shows the opercular plate, and its relation to the branchial cavity, thus suggesting the probable nature of the gill arches, and enabling them to be compared with those of other groups.

• Read more about Some additions to our knowledge of antiarchs

The morphology and systematic position of the bryozoan genus Fenestella Lonsdale are briefly discussed. Phillips's species of the genus are referred to a variety of genera or declared nomina dubia; M'Coy's species are redescribed and a new genus Parafenestella erected to contain one of them; two of R. Etheridge junior's species are redescribed, and figured for the first time.

• Read more about Type specimens of the genus Fenestella from the Lower Carboniferous of Great Britain

The lophophore of living articulate brachiopods develops from a pair of generative zones which are first located antero-medianly of the mouth, and are each responsible for the proliferation initially of a single set of filaments, constituting the trocholophe, and subsequently of a paired set of filaments. Brachidial supports are secreted within sheaths of outer epithelium and grow independently of the lophophore, but those developed in shells about 1 mm.

• Read more about The origin of the loop in articulate brachiopods

Twenty-one species are described and figured, including the following new species, Corineorthis bicon-vexa, McEwanella berwynensis, Glyptorthis minor, Atelelasma anatolica, Horderleyella subcarinata, Oxoplecia nantensis, Parastrophinella parva, Parastrophinella costata, and Rafinesquina simplex. Macrocoelia llandeiloensis (Davidson) is redescribed from topotype material as Davidson's original material appears to be lost.The fauna described was collected from three small inliers of Llandeilo rocks in the Berwyn Dome, North Wales.

• Read more about Upper Llandeilo brachiopods from the Berwyn hills, north Wales

Eurydesma mytiloides Reed 1932 and Peruvispira vipersdorfensis sp. nov. are described and figured. The distribution and origin of Eurydesma are considered. Eurydesma has been recorded from South Africa, India, Western and Eastern Australia, and South America: in all areas it is associated with deposits of glacial origin. It may have evolved from early Mytilacean forms and was apparently adapted to cold-water conditions and became extinct when these conditions ended. The characters of Peruvispira are discussed.

• Read more about Eurydesma and Peruvispira from the Dwyka Beds of South Africa

Atomodesma (Atomodesma) bisulcata sp. nov., Pseudomyalina sp., and Oriocrassatella queenslandica sp. nov. are described from Queensland, and Etheridge jun.'s figured specimen of Sanguinolites concentricus (Etheridge sen.) is referred doubtfully to Pyramus. Atomodesma (Aphanaia) is recorded from Queensland and Schizodus from Queensland and New South Wales. Atomodesma, Pseudomyalina, and Oriocrassatella have not previously been described from Eastern Australia.

• Read more about Permian pelecypods newly recorded from eastern Australia